Download Respiratory System

UNIT
7
The Respiratory
System
11 - 1
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Respiratory System

Obtains O2, removes Co2 = Primary
functions
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Filters incoming air
Control temperature & H2O content
Produce vocal sounds
Participate in sense of smell
Regulation of blood pH
The Pathway of Oxygen
to the Internal Cell
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Mouth and nose
Pharynx (throat)
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli (air sacs)
11 - 3
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External and Internal Respiration

External

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The process of getting
oxygen from the nose to
the alveolus and into
capillaries and the return
of carbon dioxide to the
nose
Internal

The exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide at the
cellular level
11 - 4
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The Respiratory System
11 - 5
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
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHZs
vBdUC2I
11 - 6
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Organs of the Respiratory System
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Nose - cavity that is divided by a wall of
cartilage called the septum.
The structures inside the nose warm and
filter the air.
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Cilia (hairs that warm the air)
Conchae (3 bones that add moisture)
Mucous membranes (trap dust and bacteria)
11 - 7
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Organs of the Respiratory System
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Nasal conchae – bones that curl out from
lateral walls of nasal cavity on each side,
dividing cavity into passageways
Supports mucous membrane

11 - 8
Rich in goblet cells
Organs of the Respiratory System
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Paranasal Sinuses – air-filled spaces
within maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and
sphenoid bones
Reduce weight of skull
Resonant chambers – affect quality of
voice
Organs of the Respiratory System
Pharynx

Also called the throat

Passageway for food and air
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Connects the mouth to the larynx
11 - 10
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Organs of the Respiratory System
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Larynx
Also called the voice box
Home to the thyroid cartilage (Adam's
apple), cricoid cartilage, and epiglottis
A tube made up of nine separate
cartilages to maintain openness
Lined with mucous membranes that form
two folds called the vocal cords
11 - 11
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11 - 12
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Vocal Cords

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3hlo
oOjAxE
11 - 13
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How Voice Sounds Are Produced
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The vocal cords move across the larynx
when struck by air.
The vocal cords are held tense by
contracting muscles.
The degree of tension and length of the
vocal cords determine the pitch of the
voice.
The tighter and longer the cords, the
higher the pitch.
11 - 14
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Organs of the Respiratory System
Epiglottis
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Lid on the top of the larynx
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When food is swallowed, the lid closes
so that food is directed down the
esophagus and not into the lungs.

Air passes over the open epiglottis and
enters the larynx.
11 - 15
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11 - 16
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Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles
11 - 17
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Organs of The Respiratory System
Trachea
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Also called the windpipe
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Held open by C-shaped rings of cartilage
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The wall between the rings is elastic to
adjust for body positions.
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Above the middle of the sternum, the
trachea divides into two sections called
bronchi.
11 - 18
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11 - 19
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Organs of the Respiratory System
Bronchial Tree – branched airways leading
from trachea to microscopic air sacs in lungs
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Branches into right and left primary
bronchi – 5th thoracic vertebrae
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Then divides into secondary bronchi
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Then into tertiary bronchi, then into smaller
and smaller tubes = bronchioles
11 - 20
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11 - 21
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Organs of the Respiratory System
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Bronchioles continue to divide and lead
to alveolar ducts
 alveolar sacs  alveoli – lie within
capillary networks
11 - 22
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The Structure and Function
of the Alveolus
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Also called the air sacs
Clusters of capillaries located at the ends
of each bronchiole
The body contains approximately 500
million alveoli.
11 - 23
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Organs of the Respiratory System
Lungs – soft, spongy, cone shaped
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Mediastinum separates right and left
lungs medially
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Diaphragm and thoracic cage enclose
them
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Right lung is larger than left
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Right – 3 lobes
Left – 2 lobes
11 - 24
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11 - 25
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The Pleural Covering
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Each lung, with its blood vessels and
nerves, is enclosed in a membrane
called the visceral pleura.
A membrane called the parietal pleura
lines the chest cavity.
The space between the pleura contains
fluid to prevent friction during respiration.
11 - 26
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Inspiration
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Atmospheric pressure – weight of air that
forces air into lung
Pressures inside and outside lung are
about the same, but change with
inspiration and exhalation
Pressure in alveoli decreases
(inspiration) atmospheric pressure
pushes air into airways
11 - 27
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Inspiration
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Impulses on phrenic nerves (cervical
plexuses) stimulate diaphragm to
contract
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Diaphragm moves downward, thoracic
cavity enlarges, pressure in alveoli falls 
atmospheric pressure forces air into airways
Intercostal muscles may also be
stimulated, opening thoracic cavity even
more
11 - 28
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Inspiration
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Moist pleural membranes help lung
expansion, but moist inner surfaces of
alveoli have opposite effect
Attraction of H2O molecules create
surface tension  make it harder for
alveoli to inflate
Some cells produce surfactant to reduce
tendency to collapse
11 - 29
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Surfactant
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A fatty molecule located on the
respiratory membrane
Maintains the inflated alveolus so that it
does not collapse between respirations
Important in premature babies  lack of
surfactant  resp. distress
11 - 30
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Expiration
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These forces come from elastic recoil of
tissues and surface tension
Diaphragm relaxes
At the same time, surface tension
develops in alveoli, diameters of alveoli
decrease

Increases alveoli pressure, air forced out
11 - 31
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The Diaphragm and the Brain and How
They Relate to Breathing
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11 - 32
The main muscle of respiration is called
the diaphragm.
When the diaphragm contracts, it
produces a vacuum that causes air to be
drawn in.
When the diaphragm relaxes, air is
forced out of the lungs.
(continued)
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The Diaphragm and the Brain and How
They Relate to Breathing
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Breathing is controlled by the respiratory
center in the brain.
An increase in carbon dioxide or a drop
in oxygen triggers the respiratory center
to force respirations.
11 - 33
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Respiratory Center
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Neurons that control inspiration and
expiration are scattered throughout the
pons and medulla oblongata
11 - 34
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Medullary Rhythmicity Area
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2 neuron groups that extend the length of
medulla oblongata
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Dorsal Respiratory Group
Ventral Respiratory Group
11 - 35
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Dorsal Respiratory Group
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Controls basic rhythm of inspiration
Neurons emit bursts of impulses that
signal diaphragm to contract
Impulses begin weakly, strengthen for
about 2 seconds and then diminish
Neurons inactive during expiration
Re-fire impulses after expiration
11 - 36
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Ventral Respiratory Group
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Quiet during normal breathing
When more forceful breathing is
required, neurons generate impulses that
increase respiratory movements
11 - 37
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Pneumotaxic Area
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Neurons located in Pons
Continuously transmits impulses that
inhibit inspiratory bursts from dorsal
respiratory group
Controls breathing rate
Pneumotaxic inhibition increased =
breathing rate increases
Inhibition weak = breathing rate
decreases
11 - 38
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Factors Affecting Breathing

Interference with O2 supply to brain may
cause fainting
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Someone who is emotionally upset may
hyperventilate  dizzy, lose conciousness
Lowered Co2 followed by rise in pH
(respiratory alkalosis)
Localized vasoconstriction of cerebral
arterioles
Decreased blood flow to brain
11 - 39
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Occurrences That Alter Breathing
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Coughing
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Hiccoughs
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11 - 40
Deep breaths followed by forceful exhalation
that can clear mucus from the lower
respiratory tract
Caused by spasm of the diaphragm,
possibly the result of an irritation to the
diaphragm
(continued)
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Occurrences That Alter Breathing
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Sneezing
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Yawning
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Air is forced through the nose to clear the
upper respiratory structures
Deep, prolonged breath that can be caused
by a drop in oxygen levels
Crying

A change in the breathing pattern that is in
response to emotions
11 - 41
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Gas Exchange

https://study.com/academy/lesson/gasexchange-in-the-human-respiratorysystem.html
11 - 42
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Oxygen Transport
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Over 98% of O2 that blood transports
binds the hemoglobin in RBC
The remaining O2 dissolves in plasma
In lungs, PO2 (partial pressure) is
relatively high
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O2 dissolves in blood and combines rapidly
with iron atoms creating oxyhemoglobin
11 - 43
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Oxygen Transport
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Chemical bonds between O2 and
hemoglobin are unstable
As Po2 decreases, oxyhemoglobin
molecules release O2
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Diffuses into nearby cells that have depleted
their O2 supply during cellular respiration
11 - 44
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Oxygen Transport
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More O2 is released as
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11 - 45
Co2 concentration increases
Blood becomes more acidic
Blood temp. increases
O2 deficiency in tissues = hypoxia
Carbon Dioxide Transport
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Blood transports Co2 to lungs
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As Co2 dissolved in plasma
Part of a compound formed by bonding to
hemoglobin
Form of a bicarbonate ion
11 - 46
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Carbon Dioxide Transport
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Transporting Co2 in bicarbonate form is
most common
Co2 + H2O  H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
Once in alveoli, carbonic acid breaks
down into Co2 and H2O under influence
of carbonic anhydrase
11 - 47
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Diagnostic Exams
11 - 48
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Perfusion Scans
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Examination of the lungs after
intravenous administration of a
radioactive dye to provide an image of
pulmonary blood flow
Can be used to diagnose blood vessel
obstruction
11 - 49
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Ventilation Scans

Examination of the lungs following the
inhalation of a mixture of air and gases
from a mask or bag that shows what
areas of the lungs are ventilated during
respiration
11 - 50
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Arterial Blood Gas Studies

Measures the partial pressures of both
oxygen and carbon dioxide and
determines the pH
11 - 51
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Bronchoscopy and Chest X-Ray
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Bronchoscopy
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Chest x-rays
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11 - 52
A tube is inserted into the trachea to view
the airways or to remove a foreign body
Studies that tell the general health of the
lungs and surrounding tissue
Bronchoscopy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9sJ
VicR9PY
11 - 53
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Diseases and Disorders
11 - 54
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Resp. Failure, Conditions, Diseases

https://study.com/academy/lesson/conditi
ons-associated-with-respiratoryfailure.html

https://study.com/academy/lesson/typesof-respiratory-conditions-diseases.html
11 - 55
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Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma
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Allergic rhinitis
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A reaction of the eyes, nose, and sinuses to
airborne allergens
Asthma
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A chronic disorder that causes swelling,
inflammation, and constriction of the bronchi
and bronchioles
Can be caused by exposure to allergens
11 - 56
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Lung Cancer
11 - 57
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Atelectasis and Bronchitis
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Atelectasis
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Lack of air in the lungs resulting from
collapse of the alveolus
Bronchitis

Acute or chronic disease that results in
inflammation of the bronchial walls and
narrowing of the airways
11 - 58
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
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A chronic condition that is usually the
result of a combination of respiratory
disorders
A progressive disease that causes
dyspnea, respiratory failure, and death
11 - 59
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Emphysema and Epistaxis
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Emphysema
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Irreversible enlargement of the air spaces in
the lungs caused by destruction of the
alveolar walls
Results in the inability to exchange oxygen
and carbon dioxide
Epistaxis

Nosebleeds
11 - 60
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Laryngitis and Pleurisy

Laryngitis
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Acute or chronic inflammation of the vocal
cords
Pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleura that results as a
complication of infections, pneumonia,
tuberculosis, or injury
11 - 61
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Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
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Associated with chronic lung disease or
left ventricular heart failure
Individuals awaken at night with a
sensation of suffocation that is probably
caused by an accumulation of fluid in the
lungs
11 - 62
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Pneumonia and Pneumothorax
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Pneumonia
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Acute infection of the lung tissues
The leading cause of death among patients
already in a weakened state
Pneumothorax

Air or gas that has accumulated between the
two pleural layers, causing collapse of the
lung tissue
11 - 63
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome
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Can kill infants between the ages of birth
and 8 months of age
Normal breathing becomes rapid and
shallow.
The nostrils flare and the sternum
retracts.
The infant “grunts.”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2R8
MOoQtd8
11 - 64
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Tuberculosis

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Acute or chronic bacterial lung infection
that is highly contagious
The body reacts to the bacteria by
converting destroyed tissue into a
cheeselike material that can develop into
fiber optic obstruction of the lung
cavities.
11 - 65
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