Download Elasticity and Fluid Physics

Reporters:
Ace B. Correos
Gerone P. Ricardo
Jethru Ray A. Canoy
Demie Xyza F. Rendon
A Review of Matter

Is a substance of which all objects are
made.
An object’s resistance to a change in its
state of motion.
A Review of Matter
Mass

is a measure of inertia.
Is a source of gravitation
 Weight is the term used in science and technology
for the gravitational force between planet or any
other large object and relatively small objects.
 Matter can be changed into energy and energy into
matter.
Structure of Matter

Matter has structure at many levels, from
groupings of galaxies so vast that light rays
take hundreds of million years to cross them
to particles so small that scientists describe
them as point-like.
Structure of Matter

 An atom is made up of particles called protons,
electrons and neutrons.
 Proton- a positively charged elementary
particle that is a fundamental
constituent of all atomic nuclei.
- it is the lightest baryon
Structure of Matter

 Neutron- an elementary particle having no charge.
- its mass is slightly greater than that of
a proton
 Electron- an elementary particle that is a
fundamental constituent of matter
-it is the component outside the nucleus of
an atom.
Structure of Matter

 Protons and neutrons, which carry most of the atom’s
mass, are composed of point like units known as quarks.
 Particles smaller than an atom is called subatomic
particles.
 The diameter of an atom ranges from about 0.1 to 0.5
nanometre.
 Nanometre- is a billionth of a meter or is
1
25,400,00
inches
The General States of
Matter

Matter can change from one state to another.
The General States of
Matter

 Solids tend to retain their shape, and they resist
compression (reduction in the amount of space they
occupy)
 Liquids assume the shape their container and can flow
freely. Like solids they also resist compression. The atoms
or molecules of a liquid are in contact with one another but
are not linked, so they can move freely.
The General States of
Matter

Gases expand to fill their containers,
and the can be compressed fairly easily.
The atoms or molecules of a gas are not
in contact with one another and are
always moving violently.
The Physicists’ Other
States of Matter

Plasma
Superconductor
Superfluid
Bose-Einstein condensate
The Physicists’ Other
States of Matter

 Plasma are gas-like substances in which some or all
atoms have lost at least on electron, leaving a mixture
of free electrons and positively charged ions. Plasmas
form at temperatures of tens of thousands of degrees
or higher, or through the action of an electric current.
On earth, plasmas are found in lightning discharges
and in fluorescent lights and neon signs.
The Physicists’ Other
States of Matter

 Superfluids are fluids that low without resistance. As
a result, they will pass through the pores of a
container. Scientists have found this phase only in
helium, one of the few substances that remain a
liquid within a few degrees of absolute zero:
-459.67 ˚F or -273.15 ˚C. At absolute zero , atoms and
molecules would have the least possible energy.
The Physicists’ Other
States of Matter

 Superconductors are solids in which electrons move
freely. Once started, am electric current in a
superconductor can flow forever without the help of an
external power supply. Many metals are
superconductors at temperature within few degrees of
absolute zero. Others exhibit superconductive properties
at temperatures more than 100 degrees or
-173.16 ˚C above absolute zero.
The Physicists’ Other
States of Matter

 Bose-Einstein Condensates, also known as BEC’s, are
clusters of millions of atoms that merge under
conditions of extreme cold. BEC’s can form in some
gases when they are cooled to within a few billionth of a
Celsius degree of absolute zero. When a BEC forms,
million of atoms stop moving in different directions at
different speeds ad instead act as a single atom.
The Physicists’ Other
States of Matter

The Condensates are named after
physicists Satyendranath Bose of India
and Albert Einstein of Germany who
proposed the possibility of BEC’s in the
1920’s
Unusual Forms of Matter

Scientists have discovered an unusual form
of matter called antimatter. Dark matter
which may be fundamentally different from
ordinary matter, apparently also exist.
Physicists do not know what it is made of,
however.
Unusual Forms of Matter
 Antimatter

 Physicists can convert energy into matter with devices
called particle accelerators. When subatomic particles collide
at high speeds, they create new particles. Whenever
particles of matter are created, an equal number of particles
of antimatter are also made. Antimatter particles are equal
in mass to the equivalent particles of matter but opposite in
electric charge and certain other properties.
Unusual Forms of Matter

-For example, positrons, which are positively
charged, are the antimatter equivalent of
electrons. If a matter particle meets an
equivalent antimatter particle, the two
particles destroy each other. Both particles
are converted into energy.
Unusual Forms of Matter

Antimatter particles are rare and last only until they
encounter matter and are destroyed. there appear to be no
large concentrations of antimatter anywhere in the
universe. On Earth, they are mainly a laboratory curiosity.
Medical technology, however, makes use of positrons in a
technique called positron emission tomography (PET). PET
images reveal the chemical activity of areas of the brain
and other body tissues.
Unusual Forms of Matter
Dark Matter

More than 99% of the visible universe is made up of the
two lightest kinds of atoms, helium and hydrogen. It
appears, however, that most of the matter in the universe
is invisible dark matter. Scientists have detected dark
matter only through the influence of its gravitational
force on the motions of visible matter. Many scientists
believe that dark matter is composed of undiscovered
particles.
Density and Specific
Gravity

Density- is the mass – that is, the amount of
matter – in a unit volume of any substance.
Mathematically,
D= 𝑀
𝑉
Where:
D= Density
M= Mass
V= Volume
Density and Specific
Gravity

Earth scientists use density measurements to
identify minerals and other solids. Chemists
measure the density of a solution to
determine the concentration of a substance in
that solution. They also calculate the
molecular weight of a gas from its density.
Density in Solids

To measure the density of a regular shaped
solid, first measure the object’s mass – that is,
weigh the object. Next, measure one or more
of the object’s dimensions and calculate its
volume from a mathematical formula for
objects of that shape. Then divide the mass
by the volume.
Density in Solids

It is more difficult to find the density of an
irregularly shaped solid because the volume is
harder to determine. To determine the volume,
submerge the object, then measure the volume
of the water displaced. This volume equals the
volume of the object.
Density in Gases

The density of gas is difficult to measure because
gases have low densities and the density of gases
changes greatly with variations in temperature and
pressure. To determine the mass of a gas, first weigh
an empty container. Next, fill the container with the
gas and weight it again.
Density in Gases

Then subtract the first measurement
from the second. To determine the
volume of the container, measure the
amount of water that the container
holds.
Specific Gravity

The specific gravity of a substance is related to its
density. Specific gravity equals the mass of a
given volume of the substance divided by the
mass of an equal volume of water. To determine
the specific gravity of a substance, divide the
density of the substance by the density of water
at either 4 ˚C (39 ˚F) or 20 ˚C (68 ˚F).