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SOCIALIZATION Week Four Sociology 1301: Introduction to Sociology Socialization Socialization: the process through which individuals internalize the values and norms of a society and learn to function as its members Values: moral beliefs Norms: how values are put into play Human Nature: A blend of 'organic equipment,' the raw materials we are physically made of, and social interaction, the environment in which we are raised. Early Notions Darwin – Human behavior is instinctive, simply our “nature” Watson – Developed theory of behaviorism Behaviorism: Behavior is not instinctive but learned Freud – 3 parts of personality which are the result of inner drives and the influence of society Id: Basic drives which are unconscious & demand immediate satisfaction Superego: Internalized cultural values & norms that operate as our conscience Ego: Conscious efforts to balance the Id & Superego Sublimation: Compromise between often competing demands of self & society that redirects selfish drives into socially acceptable behavior Self vs. Society George Mead Social Behaviorism: how social experience develops as individual’s personality Looking-Glass Self: Self-image is based on how we think others see us. Self: Part of individual’s personality composed of selfawareness and self-image I: one’s sense of agency, action or power Me: the self as a distinct object to be perceived by others Self vs. Society (cont.) To fully develop as “adult members of society” we must recognize the “other” Other: someone or something outside of oneself Generalized Other: an internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings regardless of whether we’ve encountered those people or places before Development - Cognition Piaget Sensorimotor Stage: simple use of senses Preoperational Stage: learn language & symbols Concrete Operational Stage: begin to make causal connections – how & why things happen Formal Operational Stage: abstract and critical thought Development – Moral Reasoning Kohlberg Preconventional: right = what feels good to me Conventional: right = what pleases authority figures (parents); black & white thinking Postconventional: situational ethics & morals; grayscale thinking Gilligan Males & females have different ways to define ethics Males - Justice Perspective: rely on formal rules Females – Care & Responsibility Perspective: rely on personal relationships & loyalty Development – Life Long Erikson 8 Stages of Development – over lifespan Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust Toddlerhood: Autonomy vs. Doubt & Shame Preschool: Initiative vs. Guilt Preadolescence: Industriousness vs. Inferiority Adolescence: Identity vs. Role Confusion Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation Middle Adulthood: Making a Difference vs. Self-Absorption Old Age: Integrity vs. Despair Cycle of Socialization Socialization is cyclical Agents of Socialization Family School Peers Hidden Curriculum: Implicit lessons students learn Cohort: A category of people with something in common, usually their age, and generally influenced by the same economic and cultural trends Anticipatory Socialization: Learning that helps a person achieve a desired position Mass Media Adult Socialization Resocialization Total Institution Socialization Example: How & what do we learn about sex? Cycle of Socialization References Conley, D. (2008). You may ask yourself: An introduction to thinking like a sociologist. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. Harro, B. (2000) Cycle of socialization. In Adams, M., Blumenfeld, W. J., Castañeda, R., Hackman, H. W., Peters, M. L., & Zúñiga, X. (Eds.), Readings for diversity and social justice: An anthology on racism, anti-Semitism, sexism, heterosexuism, ableism, and classism (pp.. 1520). New York: Routledge. Macionis, J. J. (2010). SOC100: Sociology: 2011 custom edition (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Custom Publishing.