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SOCIALIZATION
Week Four
Sociology 1301: Introduction to Sociology
Socialization

Socialization: the process through which individuals
internalize the values and norms of a society and
learn to function as its members
 Values:
moral beliefs
 Norms: how values are put into play

Human Nature: A blend of 'organic equipment,'
the raw materials we are physically made of, and
social interaction, the environment in which we are
raised.
Early Notions


Darwin – Human behavior is instinctive, simply our
“nature”
Watson – Developed theory of behaviorism


Behaviorism: Behavior is not instinctive but learned
Freud – 3 parts of personality which are the result of
inner drives and the influence of society
Id: Basic drives which are unconscious & demand immediate
satisfaction
 Superego: Internalized cultural values & norms that operate
as our conscience
 Ego: Conscious efforts to balance the Id & Superego


Sublimation: Compromise between often competing demands of
self & society that redirects selfish drives into socially acceptable
behavior
Self vs. Society

George Mead
Social Behaviorism: how social experience develops as
individual’s personality
 Looking-Glass Self: Self-image is based on how we think
others see us.


Self: Part of individual’s personality composed of selfawareness and self-image


I: one’s sense of agency, action or power
Me: the self as a distinct object to be perceived by others
Self vs. Society (cont.)

To fully develop as “adult members of society” we must
recognize the “other”
Other: someone or something outside of oneself
 Generalized Other: an internalized sense of the total
expectations of others in a variety of settings regardless of
whether we’ve encountered those people or places before

Development - Cognition

Piaget
 Sensorimotor
Stage: simple use of senses
 Preoperational Stage: learn language & symbols
 Concrete Operational Stage: begin to make causal
connections – how & why things happen
 Formal Operational Stage: abstract and critical
thought
Development – Moral Reasoning

Kohlberg
 Preconventional:
right = what feels good to me
 Conventional: right = what pleases authority figures
(parents); black & white thinking
 Postconventional: situational ethics & morals;
grayscale thinking

Gilligan
 Males
& females have different ways to define ethics
 Males
- Justice Perspective: rely on formal rules
 Females – Care & Responsibility Perspective: rely on
personal relationships & loyalty
Development – Life Long

Erikson
8
Stages of Development – over lifespan
 Infancy:
Trust vs. Mistrust
 Toddlerhood: Autonomy vs. Doubt & Shame
 Preschool: Initiative vs. Guilt
 Preadolescence: Industriousness vs. Inferiority
 Adolescence: Identity vs. Role Confusion
 Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation
 Middle Adulthood: Making a Difference vs. Self-Absorption
 Old Age: Integrity vs. Despair
Cycle of
Socialization
Socialization is cyclical
Agents of Socialization


Family
School


Peers




Hidden Curriculum: Implicit lessons students learn
Cohort: A category of people with something in common, usually
their age, and generally influenced by the same economic and
cultural trends
Anticipatory Socialization: Learning that helps a person achieve a
desired position
Mass Media
Adult Socialization


Resocialization
Total Institution Socialization
Example:
How & what
do we learn
about sex?
Cycle of
Socialization
References



Conley, D. (2008). You may ask yourself: An
introduction to thinking like a sociologist. New York: W.
W. Norton & Company.
Harro, B. (2000) Cycle of socialization. In Adams, M.,
Blumenfeld, W. J., Castañeda, R., Hackman, H. W.,
Peters, M. L., & Zúñiga, X. (Eds.), Readings for diversity
and social justice: An anthology on racism, anti-Semitism,
sexism, heterosexuism, ableism, and classism (pp.. 1520). New York: Routledge.
Macionis, J. J. (2010). SOC100: Sociology: 2011
custom edition (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Pearson Custom Publishing.