Download fran-geography-economics-and-frelations

TRUTHEDER
Say what you see!
• The question will ask you how useful a primary
source is to historians who are studying X.
• To do this, you need to look at:
o Provenance
o Tone/Emphasis
o Argument/content in the source
How to set out each paragraph
1. Point about provenance/tone/content
2. Own knowledge
3. Explain whether this makes the source useful
to a historian
NEVER USE THE WORD BIASED
Assessment
Provenance
Emphasis and
Tone
Content and
Argument
Step 1 - POINT
• Nature of the source
(letter, speech, novel etc)
• Author
• Date/Context
• Audience
Step 2 – OWN KNOWLEDGE
• All of the above will require
own knowledge of:
• The author
• What is happening at the
time
• The purpose/audience of the
source
•
The language used: imagery,
literary devises.
•
•
Tone: emotive, defensive,
aggressive, legal, balanced
etc.
•
•
What the view/views are that
are being presented in the
source.
•
•
What detail does the source
contain?.
•
It is important to go through
this bit by bit
Step 3 – IS IT USEFUL
• How these things make
the source useful to a
historian
•
How these things limit
how useful the source is
to a historian
Always relate to you own
knowledge the author is
setting a specific tone
What reaction does the
author want?
• How these things make
the source useful to a
historian
Always relate to you own
knowledge of what actually
happened.
• How these things make
the source useful to a
historian
• How these things limit
how useful the source is
to a historian
• How these things limit
how useful the source is
to a historian
Lesson 1
https://create.kahoot.it/#user/02978d17-8b9e-4c25-b0d76bcf2c77b842/kahoots/created
By the end of this lesson, everybody
will be able to
• Describe the geographic and economic
issues that the Confederacy and Union
faced
• Explain the positive and negative
impact of geographic and economic
issues
• Evaluate how far these factors
impacted the Confederacy and Union
What were the main
geographic factors in
the American Civil
War?
Geographic Factor
Impact on the Confederacy
Impact on the Union
The Confederacy was 2
million km2
Confederates would have
difficulty maintaining their supply
lines
Difficult to blockade and
conquer
Confederate forces did
not have to invade the
North; the Union had
little option to but attack
Defence is an easier option
in war than to attack
Union have the harder job, not
only to acquire land, but keep
control of it!
Between Washington and
Richmond was a series of
west to east running
rivers
Useful barrier against the Union
who are trying to capture
Richmond
More obstacles in their aim of
capturing Richmond, this is where
most of the battle would take place
Throughout the
Confederacy were
railways and roads
Confederacy could move its forces
quickly (can concentrate their force
against dispersed Union army)
The dispersed armies could face
large Confederate armies
Four upper Southern
states did not secede,
and Virginia split when
West Virginia seceded
from the state.
Thousands from Maryland,
Missouri and Kentucky still fight
for the South
The states that stayed loyal to the
Union would have added 80% of
the Confederacies industrial Capital
Hard to blockade
Hard to blockade, but they
enjoyed huge naval supremacy
Long coastline in the
South
NEGATIVE
POSITIVE
Judge and justify: what impact did geographic factors
have on the Union and the Confederacy?
Finance:
Concerns the management of
funds (available money)
Economics:
Concerns production,
consumption, and transfer of
wealth
• Confederacy had few gold reserves
1. Financing the
war
• Union blockade was making it hard
to sell cotton and raise money from
tariffs
What would
you do??
THE SITUATION
• Taxes of income/profit/property
were unpopular
• Most state governments were
reluctant to send money to
Richmond
• The Union was struggling to feed
the Confederate troops
• Serious inflation
• 1865 prices were in the Eastern
Confederacy were 5000 times their 1861
level
• Richmond Dispatch newspaper estimated
that a grocery bill for a small family rose
from $6.55 to $68.25
• This led to widespread suffering
• Attempts to fix prices made shortages worse
• Eroded Southern morale
1. Print more
paper money
• There were initially a lot of buyers both
within the Confederacy and abroad
• But after 1863 when the Confederacy began
losing battles, Southerners and European
financiers were reluctant to risk loaning
money to what seemed like a lost cause
2. 1861 Congress
allowed Treasury
Secretary
Christopher
Memminger to
raise $15 million
in bonds and
stocks certificates
• Allowed the seizure of goods to support the
armies at the front line
• Allowed government agencies to collect
10% of produce from all farmers
• Helped supply the army in the last 2 years of
the war
2. 1863 Congress
passed the
Impressment Act
and the Tax-inKind Act
THE SITUATION
• The Union had an established
Treasury, gold reserve and source of
revenue from tariffs
• However, the northern financial
structure was not ready for war
• Over the winter of 1861-2, the
northern banking system was near
to collapse
1. Financing the
war
What would
you do??
• One million northerners ended up owning
shares in the national debt
• 2/3 of Union revenue was raised by loans
and bonds
1. Raised
loans and
issued bonds
• An income tax (the first in US history, was
enacted in 1861 (3% tax on incomes over
$800)
• Internal Revenue Act 1862 (taxed
everything)
• 1/5 of revenue was raised by tax
2. Tax
• Legal Tender Act (1862) issued $150 million
paper currency not redeemable in gold or
silver
• Gave the treasury resources to pay its bills
and restored confidence
• National Banking Act (1863 and 1864) taxed
state bank notes
• Inflation was only 80%
3. Inflationary
monetary
policy
CONFEDERACY pp.119-121
UNION pp.129-131
•
Confederate Socialism
•
Economic Legislation
•
Ordnance Bureau
•
Federal Intervention
• Draft exemptions
•
Equipping the army
• Blockade running
•
Economic growth
• Railway system
•
Farmers
• Women
•
Cotton Mills
• Slavery
•
Labour Force
• King Cotton
•
Immigration
The Economic
policies of the
North and the
South
• You will be asked to
look at either the
Confederate, or Union
economic policies
• It is your job to explain
the different economic
policies, and whether
they had a positive or
negative impact on the
particular side
P
TOTALLY
POSITIVE
MAINLY
POSITIVE
50/50
MAINLY
NEGATIVE
TOTALLY
NEGATIVE
N
What impact did economic policies overall have on the
Confederacy?
Lesson 1 Resources
Financing the War: Confederacy
THE SITUATION
•
Confederacy had few gold
reserves
•
Union blockade was
making it hard to sell
cotton and raise money
from tariffs
•
Taxes of
income/profit/property
were unpopular
•
Most state governments
were reluctant to send
money to Richmond
•
The Union was struggling
to feed the Confederate
troops
WHAT THE
CONFEDERACY DID
IMPACT
Financing the War: Union
THE SITUATION
•
The Union had an
established Treasury, gold
reserve and source of
revenue from tariffs
•
However, the northern
financial structure was not
ready for war
•
Over the winter of 1861-2,
the northern banking
system was near to
collapse
WHAT THE UNION DID
IMPACT
Lesson 2
You have two ropes. Each rope takes one hour to
burn.
These ropes are not identical in size or width, nor
are they uniform (it does not necessarily take half
an hour for half the rope to burn)
With only these two ropes and a way to light
them, how do you measure out 45 minutes?
By the end of this lesson, everybody
will be able to
• Describe the issues in foreign relations
that the Confederacy and Union faced
• Explain the positive and negative
impact of issues relating to foreign
relations on the Confederacy
• Evaluate how far these factors
impacted the Confederacy and Union
A distinct part of a country feels like a
larger section is imposing economic and
social policy on it. Economic policy is
damaging it’s interests.
The smaller section feels that it is not
being listened to, has it’s own identity and
feels it would be more successful as an
independent nation. It feels as though it is
culturally distinct from the other part of
the country.
It wants to maintain good relations with
the other part of the country, and does not
want a war.
The wealthier, more powerful part of the
country, won’t let the smaller section
leave. When it tries, declares war on it.
Who would
you support?
Reasons to support the Confederacy
Reasons to support the Union
•
Break up of America would serve immediate
and LT self-interest
•
Conflict with the Union could lead to the loss
of Canada
•
Independent Confederacy would have strong
economic links (cotton for manufactured)
•
Would lead to loss of valuable markets and
investments
•
Need cotton to prevent hardship at home
•
British pinion was not united (slavery)
•
Many Britons sympathise with Confederacy
•
•
4 slave states in the Union = suggests slavery
isn’t an issue = easier to support the
Confederacy e.g. The Times
Crimean War had indicated difficulties of
fighting far away from home
What Britain did
•
Stay neutral
•
Problem 1: Does England recognise the Confederacy? (or a rebellion?) – Lincoln’s blockade
•
May 1861 Compromise position: belligerent states (legally as waging war)
•
Attempt to remain neutral throughout…
Embargo p.136
Attempts to persuade Britain p.136
The Trent Affair – p. 137
British Mediation p.138
Commerce raiders pp.138
Laid arms p.139
The
International
Situation…
1861 Confederates think Britain would be forced
to recognise the Confederacy and break the
blockade because of their need for cotton.
In order to heighten this need for cotton, the
south brought in a unofficial cotton embargo (ban
on trade). Not official (i.e. not authorised by
Congress), local committees halted the export of
cotton. (Charles Mercury).
It fails… Europe had bought a lot of cotton in
1859-60, and there was no immediate shortage.
Not only does it fail, but backfires! South fail to
sell their most valuable commodity. They also
angered Europeans in the process.
British did consider breaking the blockade. But
this never went beyond talks between France and
Britain.
Embargo
The Confederacy did it’s best to try and get the
support of Britain
The Confederacy set up a newspaper called The
Index which was devoted to presenting the rebel
case.
They also sent agents across to sympathetic MP’s;
sent purchasing agents to buy armaments
(success).
Could they have done anything else???
Index
November 1861, James Mason and John Slidell
(Confed commissioners), left Cuba for Europe in
the Trent (steam boat)
Soon after leaving Havana, Trent was stopped by
Captain Wilkes, commanding USS San Jacinto.
Wilkes forcible removed Mason and Slidell from
the British ship.
This led to anger in Britain. They demanded that
Mason and Slidell be released and the Union must
made a public apology. They also prepared a fleet
for action and soldiers were sent to Canada. They
also stopped the export of essential war material
to the Union.
Serious dilemma for Lincoln = can’t dissatisfy but
cannot surrender. Compromise is found. Don’t
apologise but admit their act was illegal and freed
both men.
Trent Affair
Close Confederacy came to getting British
mediation
After triumph at Second Manassas, French
Emperor Napoleon III, proposed that Britain and
France should attempt to mediate in the conflict.
Mediation = recognition of the Confederacy
Failure of Lee’s Maryland invasion convene
Palmerston it would be unwise to intervene.
Even after the Emancipation Proclaimation, some
members of Palmerston’s cabinet wanted to take
action. October 1862, William Gladstone claimed
‘they have made a nation’. Prepared a
memorandum arguing for mediation. Palmerston
rejects it.
British
Mediation?
Although they did not get recognition, the Confederacy
received valuable aid- military supplies.
British shipbuilders built vessels for a variety of
Confederate purposes. Most were to run cargo through
the blockade.
The Confederacy also purchased Commerce raiders
(warships that attacked Union merchant ships).
Law forbid constructing warship for belligerents. Got
around this by purchasing unarmed ship and adding the
guns elsewhere.
Caused considerable damage to Union merchant ships.
Alamaba took 64 Union shops before been sunk. North
lost 200 ships altogether.
Didn’t cripple trade, they were a nuisance (e.g.
insurance). This led to using neutral ships.
From this, Britain benefited.
Commerce
Raiders
Last serious crisis between Union and
Britain
Lincoln knew Laird Brothers shipbuilders
were building two ironclad ships for the
Confederacy
These board (Laird rams) would be the
strongest ship afloat
Charles Adams threatened war against
Britain.
British government eventually bought the
rams and the crisis fizzled out.
Laird rams
Factor
Leadership
Cabinet
Congress
Opposition
Voluntary Associations
Military Resources
Geography
Finance
Economic
Foreign Relations
Union Advantage
Confederate Advantage