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Intro to • Introduction • Organisms in the kingdom Animalia are first divided on whether they have a backbone or not. • Invertebrates are animals that DO NOT have a backbone. • Vertebrates have a backbone. Skeletal System • Exoskeleton: A type of skeleton that surrounds tissue and is made of Chitin. (external) • Endoskeleton: a type of skeleton that is surrounded by tissue. (internal) • hydrostatic skeleton -A fluid filled cavity. – Jellyfish, squid and octopi Digestive system • The digestive system- involved in chewing and digesting feed. • Gastrovascular cavity: Food in- waste out Nervous System • Can be either simple or complex • The nervous system is used to carry messages throughout the body. • Made of specialized nerve cells. • Cephalization- the sensory organs are in the head region. Respiratory System • An animals respiratory system is used to exchange O₂ and CO₂. • They will either have lungs or gills. Circulatory System • Main goal is to transport gases and nutrients throughout the blood stream. – Open circulatory system – There are no blood vessels and the blood runs freely – Closed circulatory system- Contains blood vessels and blood does not run freely. Reproductive System • Either asexual or sexual. • Dioecious – one sex or the other • Hermaphrodite- having sex organs of both gender • Budding- involves only one parent where offspring grow off of the parent. Body Plans • Levels of organization – cells- tissues- organs- organ system- organism – Tissues- are groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function. – Organs- are groups of similar tissues working together to perform a specific function. – Organ system- similar organs working together to perform a certain function. Symmetry • There are 3 kinds of symmetry: • Radial symmetry- Divided by top and bottom. • Bilateral symmetry- Divided into mirror images; left and right. • Asymmetry- Cannot be divided into similar pieces. Body Plans • 1. Acoelomate- no cavity exists. • 2. Pseudocoelomate- A cavity exists, but it is not around the gut. • 3. Coelomate- the cavity is lined both on the inside of the body wall and around the gut. Body Plans • Segmentation is a series of repeating units in the body. • Jointed Appendages- Allows them to perform complex movement. Invertebrates Phylum Porifera • Sponges. • They do not have organs. • They can reproduce sexually or asexually. • Adult sponges are sessile; meaning they DO NOT move. • Larval sponges are motile; meaning they DO move. Phylum Cnidaria • Jellies, sea anemones and corals. • Jellies contain special cells called nematocysts that are used for defense and obtaining food. • Reproduce sexually. Phylum Platyhelminthes • Flatworms. • Can reproduce asexually and sexually. • Flatworms are hermaphroditic they have both male and female reproductive organs. • Flukes can lay eggs in the body can cause irritation and scar tissue. Phylum Nematoda • These are roundworms. • Roundworms can live anywhere and are dioecious-they have either male or female sexual organism, but not both. • Trichinella can cause trichinosis. Phylum Annelida • Earthworms. • Their waste is called castings which provide nourishment to the soil. • Hermaphrodites. • Body made of sections. Phylum Mollusca • Clams, Oysters, squid, octopus and snails. • They have soft bodies, and some have shells • Reproduce by gametes. Phylum Echinodermata • Sea Stars and Sea Urchins • Reproduce sexually and are capable of regeneration. • Can turn its stomach inside out. Phylum Arthropoda • Crustaceans, arachnids and insects • These animals have a hard outer covering called an exoskeleton. • They are divided into 3 classes: – Crustacean – Arachnida – Insecta Class Crustacean • Mostly live in saltwater. • Reproduce sexually and hold their eggs on the underside of the body until they are ready to hatch. Class Arachnida • Most live on land; Some have poison glands that can kill or maim their prey. • Reproduce sexually and lay eggs. Class Insecta • Most abundant of all the animals. • Insects are the only invertebrates that can fly. • Life cycle consists of Complete or Incomplete metamorphosis. • Metamorphosis - a series of stages in insect development. • Incomplete metamorphosis: – Egg- Nymph- Adult • Complete metamorphosis: – Egg- Larva- Pupa- Adult Vertebrates