Download Notes 4 Cell Energy

Biology Unit 4: Cellular Energy and Microscopy
Name _________________________ Hour _____
I. Cellular Energy (Photosynthesis & Respiration)
A) Energy = the ability to do ___________________. Examples of cell energy uses:
* Nucleoli building _______________________.
* Ribosomes building ______________________.
* Spindle fibers moving _____________________.
* Gland cells secreting _______________ into ECF (exocytosis – active transport).
B) Energy is stored in the ________________ that join atoms to form molecules.
1. Carbohydrates are made of C, H, & O (C6H12O6 - monosaccharides) & provides __________ - _______ energy storage.
Plants store their extra carbohydrates as _______________ and animals store it as ______________________.
2. Lipids are made of C, H, & O also and found as solid ____________ in animals and __________ in plants. Lipids
provide__________ - ___________ energy storage.
3. ATP – Adenosine TriPhosphate;
 a molecule made in the __________________
 bonds between phosphate groups can be
broken to release energy for cellular processes;
.
ADP – ____________________________________
AMP - _____________________________________ (not an energy molecule)
C. Photosynthesis: Process by which all plants, some bacteria and some protists use light energy to power chemical
reactions that convert H2O and CO2 into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates (glucose).
6 carbon dioxide molecules + 6 water molecules
reactants

1 glucose molecule + 6 oxygen molecules
 light/energy 
products
Visible Light
a. Part of the electromagnetic spectrum
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Pigments – Compounds that produces a color in plant or animal tissue.
b. Pigments are located in the _____________________________ and _________________________ of plant cells.
c. Chlorophyll – ________________________________________________________________________________
Q: From which parts (colors) of the visible light spectrum does chlorophyll absorb the most energy?
____________________
____________________
Q: From which parts of the visible light spectrum does chlorophyll absorb the least energy? _____________
Q: What is the primary color of most plants? ____________________
Explain your answer.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Q: Why do the leaves of deciduous trees change color in the fall? __________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Chemical Reaction: Write the chemical name beneath each chemical formula for photosynthesis below.
6H2O
+
6CO2
C6H12O6
+
6O2
____________
___________
__________ ___________
__________________
_____________
Factors that affect photosynthesis (Text p. 240)
a. _____________________________________________
b. _____________________________________________
c. _____________________________________________
D. Cellular Respiration: A process that releases energy by breaking bonds in food molecules. There are two chemical
pathways depending on oxygen (O2) availability : (a) Anaerobic - w/o oxygen, (b) Aerobic - with oxygen
6 oxygen molecules + 1 glucose molecule  6 carbon dioxide molecules + 6 water molecules + energy
reactants
 products
Energy in our food: Photosynthesis converts solar/radiant/light energy into ____________ energy, or energy stored in the
electrons bonding sugar molecules. Short-term energy molecules (carbohydrates), and long term energy molecules (lipids),
are found in the food we eat. The energy from food that we eat is measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of energy
needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. A Calorie (w/a capital “C”) as seen on most food
labels, is also called a Kilocalorie, equal to 1000 calories (small “c”). Though cellular respiration is a complex biochemical
process it can be simplified into 1 of 2 energy pathways, both of which take place after glycolysis. 1 pathway will be taken if
oxygen is present, the other if oxygen is not present.
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Step #1: Glycolysis
Process occurs in the cytoplasm where a _______________ (C6H12O6) molecule is broken in half releasing _____ ATP’s.
Glycolysis results in 2, 3-Carbon pyruvic acid molecules which will then enter a mitochondrion.
If no Oxygen (O2) is available
If Oxygen (O2) is available
Anaerobic Respiration/ Fermentation
Aerobic Respiration
* Path taken after glycolysis when O2 is not available
* Path taken after glycolysis when O2 is present
* Little Energy is Released.
* MUCH ENERGY IS RELEASED
2 types of Fermentation:
Step #2: Alcoholic Fermentation
Step #2: Kreb’s/Citric Cycle
Occurring in the cytoplasm of yeast (a fungus) and many
bacteria. This process produces carbon dioxide (a gas
allowing bread to rise) and alcohol. 2 ATP’s made.
Occurs in mitochondria after glycolysis.
Uses O2 to extract more energy from the 2 halves of
glucose (pyruvic acid molecules). 2 ATP’s made
or
Step #2: Lactic Acid Fermentation
Step #3: Electron Transport Chain
Occurring in the cytoplasm of all other organisms. In
some fungi and bacteria, lactic acid fermentation makes
cheese and yogurt. In animals (like us) lactic acid
fermentation during strenuous exercise can cause muscle
fatigue and soreness. 2 ATP’s made.
Occurs in the mitochondria, after the Kreb’s cycle.
It is the process of extracting the remaining energy
stored in bonds of molecules produced during the
Kreb’s cycle. 32 ATP’s made!!!
Comparing Cellular Energy Processes
Cellular Process
Reactant(s)
Location
Energy Used or Stored
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
(Alcoholic Fermentation)
Releases 2 ATP’s
From 1 Glucose
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
(Lactic Acid Fermentation)
Releases 2 ATP’s
From 1 Glucose
By-Product(s)


Aerobic Cellular Respiration
(Krebs’s Cycle & Electron Transport)
2 ATP’s
32 ATP’s

Releases 2 + 32 ATP’s
From 1 Glucose




Photosynthesis
Gains 1 Glucose

II. Nutrients
Nutrients – Substances in food that supply the energy and raw materials (molecules) an organism needs to grow, repair
itself, and maintain homeostasis. For animals (humans specifically) the most needed nutrients include water,
carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

Water – The most important nutrient, comprising 65-70% of most animals. Water maintains temperature homeostasis
because it heats up and cools down slowly (this is due to its polarity). Water also enables blood to flow through vessels
smoothly and for chemical reactions to occur. Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism (this
includes the making of bigger molecules – Anabolism, and breaking down of bigger molecules – Catabolism).

Carbohydrates – Carbohydrates serve 2 primary functions for animals: 1) short term energy from simple sugars (fruits,
honey, & table sugar) and complex sugars/starches (potatoes, grains, & vegetables), and 2) fiber, the indigestible
cellulose (plants’ structural carbohydrates) cleans the intestines of feces.
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
Lipids – Lipids/fats protect/pad organs, insulate (keep body heat in), store long-term energy, are a large component of
cell membranes, and comprise some hormones (steroids).
 Saturated Fats contain only single bonds and are normally solid at room temperature (butter and other animal fats)
 Unsaturated Fats contain at least 1 double bond between any 2 carbons and are usually liquid at room temperature
(vegetable oils).
 Polyunsaturated fats contain more than 1 double bond.
 It is recommended that our diet be <30% calories come from fats, with only 10% saturated. Health consequences
include high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, and diabetes.

Proteins – Proteins are polymers (large molecules) made up of amino acids (small molecules). The human body can
only make 12 of the 20 amino acids needed. The 8 we cannot make are called essential amino acids and must be
obtained from our diet. Foods high in protein (meat, beans, nuts) are good sources of the essential amino acids.

Vitamins – Organic molecules that help regulate body processes, often in association with enzymes. Vitamin deficiency
may lead to dysfunction and/or death. Vitamins are found in a variety of foods & supplements (see fig. 38.6).

Minerals – Inorganic nutrients that help regulate body processes and fulfill structural needs. Minerals are found in a
variety of foods-supplements. Long-term mineral deficiency may lead to dysfunction or death (see fig. 38-7).
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III . Microscopy
Magnification – An increase in the size of an image. As magnification increases
The distance between the objective lens and the slide decreases.
**The total magnification is determined by multiplying the ocular magnification by
the lens magnification.
Resolving/Resolution Power – How clear the magnified specimen appears.
Field of View – How much of the image is seen through ocular. 40x =
100x =
400x =
Depth of View/Focus – How resolute/clear images appear at different distances from the ocular/eyepiece.
*** Increasing the magnification will decrease resolving power, field of view, and
depth of view! ***
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Structures and Functions of a Common Light Microscope

Color each microscope part using the color key indicated in the data table, below left.
Microscope Part
Microscope Part Function
Arm & Base
(light blue, dark blue)
The 2 parts held while carrying a
microscope
Ocular/Eyepiece
Holds a 10x lens for magnification,
and where the specimen is viewed
(red)
Ocular Tube
(light green)
Creates a distance between ocular
lens and objective lens for correct
magnification
Revolving Nosepiece
/Objective Turret
(pink)
Moves objectives with different
magnifying powers to be rotated
above specimen
Objective Lens
4, 10, 40, & 100x
(dark green)
Carries the 2nd lens for
magnification
Stage w/clip
(black)
Holds slide/specimen in place for
viewing
Stage Aperture
(not seen in this view)
Hole in the stage allowing light
through
NOT ON TEST
Iris Diaphragm
(orange)
Controls light passing through
specimen
Light Source
(yellow)
Provides light needed to produce an
image
Course and Fine
Objective Knobs
(dark & light brown)
Moves the stage up and down to
focus or improve resolution of the
image
Condenser
and Knob
Condenses/focuses light before it
passes through the specimen
NOT ON TEST
Light Intensity Knob
Regulates light intensity from the
source NOT ON TEST
(gray)
↑
On/Off Switch
Slide Adjustment
(not seen in this view)
Moves slide/specimen (forward, left,
right, backward) without you
touching the slide
NOT ON TEST
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