Download silver - Althea`s Academy

Dr. Althea Rodriguez Arenajo
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Copper, Silver and Gold are the
members of this family
The group was named because they
have been employed for ornamental
and coinage purposes
They are closely related with nickel,
palladium and platinum
The following are the properties of
the metals:
1. Occur free in nature and are easily
recovered from their compounds
2. Are low in the electromotive
series, not very active chemically,
displaced by most metals
3. Oxides and hydroxides are feebly
basic (except Ag2O)
4. The halides are nearly insoluble in
water (except Ag)
5. Copper and Gold have 2 series,
Silver has 1
6. All of them form complex ions
7. Copper is slowly oxidized in air, but
rapidly when finely divided and
heated in oxygen
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Copper was probably the first metal
used by man in fashioning various
domestic implements and weapons
Cuprite(Cu2O), a red copper ore occurs
abundantly and the most impt ore
The feathers of certain birds contain
pigments made of copper
Copper is malleable and ductile having
a red color by reflected light and
greenish color by transmitted light
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Copper is an excellent conductor of
heat (surpassed only by silver and
gold) and electricity (surpassed only
by gold)
The two copper oxides are red
cuprous and black cupric
All copper compounds are insoluble
in water
Produce a blue ppt with NH3 water
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Cupric salts added with K4Fe(CN)6
gives reddish brown ppt
Cupric ions with H2S turns black
Pharmacologic Action of copper ion:
 Copper and iron metabolism are
interrelated, it has importance in
homopoies
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Hepatolenticular degeneration
(Wilson’s disease) results from
inability to regulate copper balance
The consequence is that toxic
amounts of copper are deposited in
various tissues (liver, lungs)
The disease may be treated with
chelating agents such as
Dimercaprol and edelates
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Internally, copper is a potential aid
to iron assimilation and as emesis
After absorption, Cu is found as
copper nucleinate in the liver, blood
and bile
Externally, Cu acts as astringent
when applied to mucous membrane
and abraded surfaces
An effective fungicide (1:1,000,000)
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Has value in water treatment to
remove algae and also of fungus
that afflicts humans
A copper compound in tetralin
(Cuprex) is used in pediculosis of
the head, body or clothing
Copper is not an effective
bactericide, only mild antiseptic
Its action is only bacteriostatic
Important Compounds:
1. Cupric Sulfate NF- Bluestone, Blue
Vitriol
 Stimulates the vomiting reflex
before there is time for any local
irritant action
 It is not absorbed, except by
corroded stomach therefore, do
not produce systemic effects
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Bordeaux Mixture( copper in
combination with lime) is used as
fungicide
Used to purify drinking water and
swimming pools
In combination with iron or vitamins,
has hematinic property
Used externally for its fungicidal
action in 1 -5 sol’n
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Ag is used in making articles of
value like coins, ornaments, jewelry
The name Silver was derived from
Greek which means “shining”
The Alchemist named it “Luna”,
characetrized by crescent moon
The name Luna has survived in
Lunar caustic, silver nitrate
Pure silver is a white metal having a
metallic luster
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The most ductile and malleable of all
metals, except gold
The best conductor of electricity
Silver cyanide complex is added to
silver sol’n for electroplating
Silver salts gives a white curdy ppt of
AgCl when treated with HCl
Ammoniacal sol’n of silver salts with
formaldehyde and warmed, formed
‘silver mirror’ on the walls of container
Important Compouds:
1. Silver Nitrate (Argentii Nitras)
 It is used routinely in the form of
1% sol’n for instillation in the eyes
of newborn babies for gonorrheal
infection which is still a legal
requirement in some states
(against Ophthalmia neotorium)
Dose: 1 drop in each eye
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Silver Nitrate pencil (Toughened
Silver Nitrate) – used for removing
warts and other skin excresences and
for canker sore in the mouth
A dose of 0.5% is used to treat
 severe 1st degree burns with 80%
recovery
2. Mild Silver Protein ( Mild Protargin)
 It is used as local antibacterial in
aqueous sol’n at conc from 5-25%
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It is used as mild antiseptic in the
eye, ear, nose and throat
3. Colloidl Silver Chloride (Lunosol)
Use: prophylaxis against and
treatment of infections of the
accessible mucous membrane such
as genitourinary tract and the eye
4. Silver Picrate (Picragol, Picrotol,
Silver trinitrophenlate)
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Use: in the treatment of vaginitis
resulting from Trichomonas
vaginales and Monilia albicans
5. Strong Silver Protein (Protargol,
Argentum Proteinicum Forte, Strong
Protargin )
 A potent germicide used in conc of
0.25 to 0.5% for irrigation of the
bladder and urethra
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Recognized as the King of all metals
since the earliest times because of
its color, scarcity and permanency
in contact with the atmosphere
Valued from the earliest ages for
making jewelry, coin and etc.
The symbol Au was taken from the
Greek aurum, a universal symbol of
highest purity and value
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Gold is one of the most inactive and
permanent of all metals
Aqua Regia, best reagent for
dissolving gold, can also be dissolve
by chlorine and bromine water
Reacts with NaOH and gives a
brown ppt of auric hydroxide
Forms soluble salts with acid/base,
has amphoteric property
Other amphoteric substances are:
aluminum, tin, zinc, and lead
 Gold when treatd with stannous
chloride sol’n slowly forms purple
ppt known as purple of Cassius
 Modern gold therapy started with
the discovery by Koch in 1890, that
gold cyanide was effective in vitro
against tubercle bacillus.
1. Gold Sodium Thiosulfate NF
Use: treatment of nondisseminated
lupus erythromatosus, and
rheumatoid arhritis
Dose: 5 – 25 mg, intramuscularly
2. Aurothioglycanilide
3. Aurothioglucose
4. Au Na Thiomalate – (Myochrysine)
antirheumatic, rheumatoid arthritis