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UNIT 7 CHAPTER 24 – WWII: THE ROAD TO WAR CHAPTER 25 – WWII: THE AMERICANS AT WAR America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 25: World War II: Americans at War (1941–1945) Section 1: Mobilization Section 2: Retaking Europe Section 3: The Holocaust Section 4: The War in the Pacific George Washington; Federalist (1788) #21 - … John Adams; Federalist (1796) Chester A. Arthur; Republican (1881) Thomas Jefferson (1800) Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1884) James Madison (1808) Benjamin Harrison; Republican (1888) James Monroe (1816) Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1892) John Quincy Adams (1824) William McKinley; Republican (1896) Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828) Theodore Roosevelt; Republican (1901) Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836) William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840) William Howard Taft; Republican (1908) Woodrow Wilson; Democrat (1912) John Tyler; Whig (1841) Warren G. Harding; Republican (1920) James K. Polk; Democrat (1844) Calvin Coolidge; Republican (1923) Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848) Herbert Hoover; Republican (1928) Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850) Franklin D. Roosevelt; Democrat Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852) James Buchanan; Democrat (1856) (1932) Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860) Harry Truman; Democrat (1945) Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865) Ulysses S. Grant; Republican (1868) Rutherford B. Hayes; Republican (1876) James Garfield; Republican (1880) CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the causes & consequences of World War II and the impact the war had on American society. Objective 7.6: Describe how the allies turned the tide of war in retaking Europe and ended war in the Pacific conflict. GEORGE PATTON DWIGHT EISENHOW GEORGE MARSHALL RETAKING EUROPE To secure victory in Europe, the Allies waged war in the Atlantic Ocean, North Africa, the Soviet Union, and western Europe between 1941-1945. August 1941:Winston Churchill and FDR met & created principles to guide them called the Atlantic Charter. After the war, this charter would form the basis for the United Nations. Principles: No enlarging territory Changes to governments must be approved by the people People have right to choose their government Must abandon the use of force in international problems When the U.S. entered the war, they decided to wage war in Africa first. American troops landed in Africa in 1942, led by Dwight Eisenhower The North Africa Campaign: Britain battled Italy in African countries of Egypt and Libya in 1940 In 1941 Hitler sent German divisions to help Italy, led by General Erwin Rommel, the “Desert Fox” From 1940 to 1943, the Allies and Axis battled in North Africa, with neither side gaining much of an advantage, until Allied armies finally trapped the Axis forces. About 240,000 Germans and Italians surrendered in May 1943 and the war in Africa was over Hitler wanted to make Germany self-sufficient, broke his pact with Stalin and attacked the Soviet Union in 1941. Germany planned to seize the farm lands of the Ukraine. The German advance (1941–1942): In June 1941, more than 3 million Axis troops crossed the Soviet border & German armies threatened the capital, Moscow The Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943): The Russian winter put a stop to German advance, turning point for Russian victory The Red Army made its stand at Stalingrad, a major rail and industrial center In November, the Soviets took advantage of the harsh winter to launch a counterattack. The German army was soon surrounded with no supplies and no hope of escape. On January 31, 1943, more than 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered. Germany’s offensive was over and this proved to be the turning point of the war in the East. In 1943, U.S. troops under General George S. Patton next invaded Italy, the “soft underbelly” of the Axis Powers Italians lost faith in Mussolini’s leadership, and he was overthrown. Italy’s new government surrendered to the Allies and declared war on Germany in October 1943. The Allied advance was stalled by fierce German resistance, but Germans in northern Italy finally surrendered in April 1945. D-DAY INVASION, JUNE 6, 1944 The invasion to invade Western Europe (France), was code- named Operation Overlord was to be launched from Britain General George Marshall wanted to invade Western Europe—specifically German forces occupying France. General Eisenhower would be the supreme commander of the invasion forces. D-Day: On June 6, 1944, the invasion of Western Europe began. (France) Heavy casualties were suffered, but by late July, nearly 2 million Allied troops were in France. On August 25, 1944, Paris was liberated from German occupation. Battle of the Bulge: In December 1944, Germany launched a counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg. Was the largest battle in Western Europe during World War II In the end the casualties were staggering on both sides, and most Nazi leaders realized that the war was lost. In February, 1945, Allied leaders meet at the Yalta Conference to discuss the shape of the postwar world. The leaders agreed: (1)to split Germany into four zones, each under the control of a major Ally, including (2)They planned a similar division of Berlin. (3)Stalin promised to allow free elections in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated (4)He also promised to enter the war against Japan. Stalin did not fulfill any of these promises. Invaded on All Sides In March 1945, American ground forces crossed the Rhine River and moved toward the German capital of Berlin from the west. Soviet troops continued to fight their way to Berlin from the east. This fighting resulted in the deaths of some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German soldiers—more than two thirds of the soldiers killed in the entire war. The Soviets finally reached Berlin in late April 1945. Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on April 30, 1945 On May 8, Germany’s remaining troops surrendered, V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day). What was the significance of D-Day? (A) It was the beginning of the Allied invasion of Western Europe. (B) The Allies retook Western Europe. (C) The Allies celebrated victory in North Africa. (D) France was liberated. What two important Yalta promises were not fulfilled by Stalin? (A) Economic justice for all Eastern European nations and loans for the war against Japan (B) Protection for private industry in Eastern Europe and free elections in Moscow (C) The reconstruction of East Germany and trade relations with Italy (D) Free elections in Soviet-occupied nations of East Europe and military aid for the war against Japan What was the significance of D-Day? (A) It was the beginning of the Allied invasion of Western Europe. (B) The Allies retook Western Europe. (C) The Allies celebrated victory in North Africa. (D) France was liberated. What two important Yalta promises were not fulfilled by Stalin? (A) Economic justice for all Eastern European nations and loans for the war against Japan (B) Protection for private industry in Eastern Europe and free elections in Moscow (C) The reconstruction of East Germany and trade relations with Italy (D) Free elections in Soviet-occupied nations of East Europe and military aid for the war against Japan CHAPTER 25 SECTION 4 THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC Fierce fighting and heavy casualties characterized the war in the Pacific Ocean as the Allied forces struggled to turn back Japanese advances. By March 1942, Japan had swept aside British, American, and Dutch naval power in Southeast Asia and brought a wide band of colonies into the Japanese empire. May 6, 1942, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces. The Japanese captured 76,000 Filipinos & Americans. American soldiers were taken on a brutal 6-12 day journey that became known as the Bataan Death March, in which they were denied water and rest. Those who became too weak were executed. At least 10,000 prisoners died. Those who survived were sent to primitive prison camps where 15,000 or more died. The brutality of the Japanese soldiers defied accepted international standards for humane treatment of prisoners spelled out in 1929 at the third Geneva Convention. What was the typical day like on the march? We walked all day. At night, the Japanese took us to a field to sleep. You would lie down and pass out right there. What would you do if you had to go to the bathroom? If anyone had to, they went right in their drawers as they walked. If you stopped or got off to the side, you would have been bayoneted or shot. I didn't go to the bathroom because I had nothing to pass. Body fluid came out in sweat. I don't recall going to the bathroom until we got up to Camp O'Donnell. U.S. forces began island-hopping, a military strategy of selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands. This strategy allowed the Americans to move more quickly toward their ultimate goal—Japan itself. Battle of Midway On June 4, 1942, The Americans sank four Japanese carriers & destroyed 250 planes They were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific. This victory for the Allies turned the tide of war & allowed them to take the offensive. Leyte Gulf (Oct 1944): greatest naval battle in history American troops invaded the Philippine island of Leyte. As the ground troops battled inland, the greatest naval battle in world history developed off the coast. More than 280 warships took part in the three-day Battle of Leyte Gulf. Kamikazes Japanese suicide planes were first used at the Battle of Leyte Gulf Japanese pilots loaded their aircraft with bombs and then deliberately crashed them into enemy ships. Despite this, the American force virtually destroyed the Japanese navy and emerged victorious. Due to fierce resistance: not until June 1945 did the Allies control the Philippines. In 1945 the U.S. arrives at the main island of Japan after victories on Iwo Jima and Okinawa. The 3-month Okinawa battle from April to June cost 50,000 American casualties Roosevelt organized the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans. On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientists field-tested the world’s first atomic bomb in the desert of New Mexico. With a blinding flash of light, the explosion blew a huge crater in the earth and shattered windows some 125 miles away. Alternative Options instead of the A-Bomb Invade Japan: expected cost of 1 million casualties Naval Blockade: starve Japan and continue bombing Demonstrate the bomb’s power on a nearby island Soften our demands for an unconditional surrender President Harry Truman took office after Roosevelt’s death, made the ultimate decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. On August 6, 1945, the plane Enola Gay, dropped a single atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. A blast of intense heat annihilated the city’s center and its residents in an instant—leading to as many as 80,000 deaths. Three days later, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. After bombing Hiroshima & Nagasaki the government of Japan surrendered on August 14, 1945 On September 2, 1945, the formal surrender agreement was signed. The long and destructive war had finally come to an end. PRESIDENCY IN REVIEW http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tyvvjWtc-Y Which of the following was the greatest naval battle in world history? (A) The Battle of Leyte Gulf (B) The Battle of Iwo Jima (C) The Battle of Okinawa (D) The Battle of Midway The purpose of the Manhattan Project was to develop __________. (A) the atomic bomb before the Germans did (B) a defense against kamikaze attacks (C) an unsinkable warship (D) a new military training program Which of the following was the greatest naval battle in world history? (A) The Battle of Leyte Gulf (B) The Battle of Iwo Jima (C) The Battle of Okinawa (D) The Battle of Midway The purpose of the Manhattan Project was to develop __________. (A) the atomic bomb before the Germans did (B) a defense against kamikaze attacks (C) an unsinkable warship (D) a new military training program https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Objoad6rG6U&list=PL8dP uuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s&index=36