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UNIT 7
CHAPTER 24 – WWII: THE ROAD TO WAR
CHAPTER 25 – WWII: THE AMERICANS AT WAR
America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 25: World War II: Americans at War (1941–1945)
Section 1: Mobilization
Section 2: Retaking Europe
Section 3: The Holocaust
Section 4: The War in the Pacific
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George Washington; Federalist (1788) #21 - …
John Adams; Federalist (1796)
Chester A. Arthur; Republican (1881)
Thomas Jefferson (1800)
Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1884)
James Madison (1808)
Benjamin Harrison; Republican (1888)
James Monroe (1816)
Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1892)
John Quincy Adams (1824)
William McKinley; Republican (1896)
Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828)
Theodore Roosevelt; Republican (1901)
Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836)
William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840) William Howard Taft; Republican (1908)
Woodrow Wilson; Democrat (1912)
John Tyler; Whig (1841)
Warren G. Harding; Republican (1920)
James K. Polk; Democrat (1844)
Calvin Coolidge; Republican (1923)
Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848)
Herbert Hoover; Republican (1928)
Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850)
Franklin D. Roosevelt; Democrat
Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852)
James Buchanan; Democrat (1856)
(1932)
Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860) Harry Truman; Democrat (1945)
Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865)
Ulysses S. Grant; Republican (1868)
Rutherford B. Hayes; Republican (1876)
James Garfield; Republican (1880)
 CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the causes &
consequences of World War II and the impact the
war had on American society.
 Objective 7.6: Describe how the allies
turned the tide of war in retaking Europe
and ended war in the Pacific conflict.
 GEORGE PATTON
 DWIGHT EISENHOW
 GEORGE MARSHALL
RETAKING EUROPE
To secure victory in Europe, the Allies waged
war in the Atlantic Ocean, North Africa, the
Soviet Union, and western Europe between
1941-1945.
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August 1941:Winston Churchill and FDR met &
created principles to guide them called the Atlantic
Charter.
 After the war, this charter would form the basis for the United
Nations.
 Principles:
 No enlarging territory
 Changes to governments must be approved by the people
 People have right to choose their government
 Must abandon the use of force in international problems
 When the U.S. entered the war, they
decided to wage war in Africa first.
 American troops landed in Africa in 1942, led
by Dwight Eisenhower
 The North Africa Campaign:
 Britain battled Italy in African countries of Egypt
and Libya in 1940
 In 1941 Hitler sent German divisions to help Italy,
led by General Erwin Rommel, the “Desert Fox”
 From 1940 to 1943, the Allies and Axis battled in
North Africa, with neither side gaining much of an
advantage, until Allied armies finally trapped the
Axis forces.
 About 240,000 Germans and Italians surrendered in
May 1943 and the war in Africa was over
 Hitler wanted to make Germany self-sufficient, broke his pact
with Stalin and attacked the Soviet Union in 1941.
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Germany planned to seize the farm lands of the Ukraine.
The German advance (1941–1942): In June 1941, more than 3 million Axis
troops crossed the Soviet border & German armies threatened the capital,
Moscow
 The Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943): The Russian winter put
a stop to German advance, turning point for Russian victory
 The Red Army made its stand at Stalingrad, a major rail and industrial center
 In November, the Soviets took advantage of the harsh winter to launch a
counterattack.
 The German army was soon surrounded with no supplies and no hope of escape.
 On January 31, 1943, more than 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered.
 Germany’s offensive was over and this proved to be the
turning point of the war in the East.
 In 1943, U.S. troops under General George S. Patton next
invaded Italy, the “soft underbelly” of the Axis Powers
 Italians lost faith in Mussolini’s
leadership, and he was overthrown.
 Italy’s new government
surrendered to the Allies and
declared war on Germany in
October 1943.
 The Allied advance was stalled by
fierce German resistance, but
Germans in northern Italy finally
surrendered in April 1945.
D-DAY INVASION, JUNE 6, 1944
The invasion to invade Western Europe (France), was code-
named Operation Overlord
 was to be launched from Britain
 General George Marshall wanted to invade Western Europe—specifically
German forces occupying France.
 General Eisenhower would be the supreme commander of the invasion forces.
 D-Day: On June 6, 1944, the invasion of Western Europe
began. (France)
 Heavy casualties were suffered, but by late July, nearly 2 million Allied troops
were in France.
 On August 25, 1944, Paris was liberated from German occupation.
Battle of the Bulge: In December 1944, Germany launched a
counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg.
 Was the largest battle in Western Europe during World War II
 In the end the casualties were staggering on both sides, and most Nazi leaders
realized that the war was lost.
In February, 1945, Allied leaders meet at the Yalta
Conference to discuss the shape of the postwar world.
 The leaders agreed:
(1)to split Germany into four zones, each under the control of a major Ally, including
(2)They planned a similar division of Berlin.
(3)Stalin promised to allow free elections in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army
had liberated
(4)He also promised to enter the war against Japan. Stalin did not fulfill any of these
promises.
 Invaded on All Sides
 In March 1945, American ground forces crossed the Rhine River and moved toward the
German capital of Berlin from the west.
 Soviet troops continued to fight their way to Berlin from the east.
 This fighting resulted in the deaths of some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German
soldiers—more than two thirds of the soldiers killed in the entire war.
 The Soviets finally reached Berlin in late April 1945.
 Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on April 30, 1945
 On May 8, Germany’s remaining troops surrendered, V-E Day
(Victory in Europe Day).
What was the significance of D-Day?
(A) It was the beginning of the Allied invasion of Western Europe.
(B) The Allies retook Western Europe.
(C) The Allies celebrated victory in North Africa.
(D) France was liberated.
What two important Yalta promises were not fulfilled by Stalin?
(A) Economic justice for all Eastern European nations and loans for
the war against Japan
(B) Protection for private industry in Eastern Europe and free
elections in Moscow
(C) The reconstruction of East Germany and trade relations with Italy
(D) Free elections in Soviet-occupied nations of East Europe and
military aid for the war against Japan
What was the significance of D-Day?
(A) It was the beginning of the Allied invasion of Western Europe.
(B) The Allies retook Western Europe.
(C) The Allies celebrated victory in North Africa.
(D) France was liberated.
What two important Yalta promises were not fulfilled by Stalin?
(A) Economic justice for all Eastern European nations and loans for the
war against Japan
(B) Protection for private industry in Eastern Europe and free elections
in Moscow
(C) The reconstruction of East Germany and trade relations with Italy
(D) Free elections in Soviet-occupied nations of East Europe and
military aid for the war against Japan
CHAPTER 25 SECTION 4
THE WAR IN THE
PACIFIC
Fierce fighting and heavy casualties characterized the
war in the Pacific Ocean as the Allied forces struggled to
turn back Japanese advances.
 By March 1942, Japan had swept aside British, American, and Dutch naval
power in Southeast Asia and brought a wide band of colonies into the
Japanese empire.
May 6, 1942, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces.
 The Japanese captured 76,000 Filipinos & Americans.
 American soldiers were taken on a brutal 6-12 day journey
that became known as the Bataan Death March, in which
they were denied water and rest.
 Those who became too weak were executed.
 At least 10,000 prisoners died.
 Those who survived were sent to primitive prison camps where 15,000
or more died.
 The brutality of the Japanese soldiers defied accepted international
standards for humane treatment of prisoners spelled out in 1929 at the
third Geneva Convention.
What was the typical day like on
the march?
We walked all day. At night, the
Japanese took us to a field to sleep.
You would lie down and pass out
right there.
What would you do if you had to
go to the bathroom?
If anyone had to, they went right in
their drawers as they walked. If you
stopped or got off to the side, you
would have been bayoneted or
shot. I didn't go to the bathroom
because I had nothing to pass. Body
fluid came out in sweat. I don't recall
going to the bathroom until we got
up to Camp O'Donnell.
 U.S. forces began island-hopping, a military strategy of
selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands.
 This strategy allowed the Americans to move more quickly toward
their ultimate goal—Japan itself.
 Battle of Midway
 On June 4, 1942, The Americans sank four Japanese carriers &
destroyed 250 planes
 They were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific.
 This victory for the Allies turned the tide of war & allowed
them to take the offensive.
 Leyte Gulf (Oct 1944): greatest naval battle in history
 American troops invaded the Philippine island of Leyte.
 As the ground troops battled inland, the greatest naval battle in world history
developed off the coast.
 More than 280 warships took part in the three-day Battle of Leyte Gulf.
Kamikazes
 Japanese suicide planes were first used at the Battle of Leyte Gulf
 Japanese pilots loaded their aircraft with bombs and then deliberately crashed
them into enemy ships.
 Despite this, the American force virtually destroyed the Japanese navy and
emerged victorious.
 Due to fierce resistance: not until June 1945 did the Allies control the Philippines.
In 1945 the U.S. arrives at the main island of Japan after
victories on Iwo Jima and Okinawa.
 The 3-month Okinawa battle from April to June cost 50,000 American casualties
Roosevelt organized the top-secret Manhattan Project to
develop the atomic bomb before the Germans.
 On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientists field-tested the world’s first
atomic bomb in the desert of New Mexico.
 With a blinding flash of light, the explosion blew a huge crater in the earth and
shattered windows some 125 miles away.
 Alternative Options instead of the A-Bomb
 Invade Japan: expected cost of 1 million casualties
 Naval Blockade: starve Japan and continue bombing
 Demonstrate the bomb’s power on a nearby island
 Soften our demands for an unconditional surrender
President Harry Truman took office after Roosevelt’s death,
made the ultimate decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.
 On August 6, 1945, the plane Enola Gay, dropped a single atomic bomb on the
Japanese city of Hiroshima.
 A blast of intense heat annihilated the city’s center and its residents in an
instant—leading to as many as 80,000 deaths.
 Three days later, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki.
After bombing Hiroshima & Nagasaki the government of Japan
surrendered on August 14, 1945
 On September 2, 1945, the formal surrender agreement was signed.
 The long and destructive war had finally come to an end.
PRESIDENCY IN REVIEW
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tyvvjWtc-Y
Which of the following was the greatest naval battle in world history?
(A) The Battle of Leyte Gulf
(B) The Battle of Iwo Jima
(C) The Battle of Okinawa
(D) The Battle of Midway
The purpose of the Manhattan Project was to develop __________.
(A) the atomic bomb before the Germans did
(B) a defense against kamikaze attacks
(C) an unsinkable warship
(D) a new military training program
Which of the following was the greatest naval battle in world history?
(A) The Battle of Leyte Gulf
(B) The Battle of Iwo Jima
(C) The Battle of Okinawa
(D) The Battle of Midway
The purpose of the Manhattan Project was to develop __________.
(A) the atomic bomb before the Germans did
(B) a defense against kamikaze attacks
(C) an unsinkable warship
(D) a new military training program
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Objoad6rG6U&list=PL8dP
uuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s&index=36