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War on Land and at Sea
 When Abraham Lincoln denounced secession
during his Inaugural Address and vowed to hold all
federal property in the South, everyone knew he
was referring to Fort Sumter, South Carolina.
 Fort Sumter, sitting at the entrance to Charleston
Harbor, remained in the hands of the federal
government.
 For the people of South Carolina, the first state to
secede, seizing the brick fortress was necessary to
show they were serious. For Lincoln, defending the
fort was necessary to show he was equally resolved.
 On April 11, 1862, General P.T.G. Beauregard demanded
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that Fort Sumter be surrendered immediately.
When Union Major Robert Anderson refused, the
Southern canon opened fire.
For 34 hours, the Southern artillery blasted away. The
federal troops returned the fire. Yet incredibly no one
was killed—America’s most deadly war began with a
bloodless battle.
On April 13, Anderson surrendered the fort. The
Confederates had removed the most visible remaining
sign of federal authority.
Who Won? Confederates
 http://www.history.com/photos/civil-war-fort-sumter
 Confederate forces, led by
Gen. Stonewall Jackson, get
the upper hand
 Union troops, led by Gen. Irwin
McDowell, panicked and ran.
 The commanders on both sides
learned that their armies were
yet not ready for the major
battles that lay ahead.
 All hope of a quick war
vanishes, and this battle
creates a myth of the
invincible South
 Who Won? Confederates
 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-
war/american-civil-war-history/videos/first-battle-ofbull-run
 In the West, the major Union goal was to control the
Mississippi River and its tributaries.
 With control of the river, Union ships could prevent
Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas from supplying the
eastern Confederacy.
 General Ulysses S. Grant led his army into Tennessee
and continued to advance. On February 6, General
Grant captured Fort Henry, a critical Confederate
post on the Tennessee River; ten days later he took
Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River.
 Who Won? Union
 After the Battles for the Mississippi River, the
Confederates decided to strike at Union forces
before the Union had a chance to replenish their
troops.
 Confederate forces attacked near Shiloh, resulting
in thousands of casualties between both armies in
two days of fighting.
 The Union won the bloodiest battle of the Civil War,
even though they suffered more losses than the
Confederates.
 Who Won? Union
 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-
war/american-civil-war-history/videos/the-battle-ofshiloh
 A few weeks after Shiloh, the
Union forces captures New
Orleans, Louisiana –
the largest city in the South.
 The capture of New Orleans
meant that the Confederacy
could no longer use the
Mississippi River to carry its
goods to the sea.
Who Won? Union
 http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/union-
captures-new-orleans
 Throughout the war the South suffered under the
blockade set up by Union ships.
 One of the ships seized by the Confederates at
Norfolk was a steam frigate named the Merrimac.
They would build an ironclad out of the
Merrimac. They constructed a fortress-like gun
house on top of the reinforced deck, sided it with
two-foot pine walls, and covered them with twoinch iron plates.
 The Northern ironclad employed a different
design—it was essentially an iron-covered gun
turret sitting on a long raft. Once Northern
intelligence reported that the South’s ironclad was
ready, the North’s answer—the USS Monitor—set
off for Virginia.
 The battle between the two ironclads raged for
more than five hours.
 The heavy guns mounted on both ships, which
had proven so deadly against wooden ships,
could not penetrate the iron sheathing
protecting the ironclads.
 In the end, both chose to withdraw—and both
chose to avoid a rematch.
 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-
war/battle-of-hampton-roads
 The Seven Days Battle or Seven Days Campaign took place
from June 25 to July 1, 1862 and featured six different battles
along the Virginia Peninsula east of Richmond.
 The Seven Days Battles, a series of six major battles, began with
the Battle of Oak Grove and ended with the Battle of Malvern
Hill. Both sides suffered major casualties (Confederate: 20,000;
Union: 16,000). McClellan blamed leadership in Washington for
losses: “You have done your best to sacrifice this army.”
 Who Won? Varied by battle
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 http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/seven-days-
battles/
 Lee wanted to move into Union territory and tried to
invade Maryland.
 Lee tried to divide his troops into four parts – but
unfortunately his army was destroyed.
 A Confederate officer lost his copy of the orders
describing this action, and these orders were found
by the Union army and given to General George B.
McClellan.
 Who Won? Confederates
 Single bloodiest day in the whole Civil War (23,000
Casualties)
 http://www.history.com/topics/aztecs/videos/the-
battle-of-antietam
 Union was trying to move
towards the Confederate
capital of Richmond, VA.
 The Confederate Army
severely defeated the
Union and stop the
advance on Richmond.
 One of the South’s best
generals, “Stonewall”
Jackson was shot by his
own men on accident.
 Who Won?
Confederates
 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-
war/american-civil-war-history/videos/battle-atchancellorsville
 Confederate forces invaded
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PA in it’s attempt to gain
control of Union territory.
The battle raged for 3 days
with thousands dying of
disease and malnutrition.
The Union won, inflicting
heavy losses on the
Confederates.
The bloodiest battle of
the entire war. (over
50,000 casualties)
The last time the South
tried to invade the North.
 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-
war/american-civil-war-history/videos/the-battle-ofgettysburg
 In May and June of 1863, Maj.
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s
armies converged on
Vicksburg and trapped a
Confederate army under Lt.
Gen. John Pemberton.
 On July 4, Vicksburg
surrendered after prolonged
siege operations. With the
loss of Pemberton’s army and
this vital stronghold on the
Mississippi, the Confederacy
was effectively split in half –
from the West.
 Who Won? Union
 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-
war/vicksburg-campaign
 Union Gen. Sherman marched
through the south burning
anything his army came across.
 In July, his march ended in
Atlanta, GA as the Union
defeated one of the last major
cities in the South.
 Sherman’s soldiers terrorized the
city, destroyed local businesses
and there were reports of rape by
local citizens.
 This victory for the Union
helped Lincoln get re-elected in
1864.
 Who Won? Union
 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-
war/american-civil-war-history/videos/shermansterrifying-tactics
 Union and Confederate forces
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met for the final time at
Appomattox Courthouse in VA.
There was not a lot of fighting,
but by the end the Confederate
Army was defeated.
Gen. Lee (South) met Gen.
Grant (North) in a farmhouse to
decide on the surrender terms.
Gen. Lee officially surrendered
to Grant and the war was over.
Gen. Grant asked that all
Confederate soldiers be allowed
to return to their homes without
violence.
War was over..the Union won.
 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-
war/vicksburg-campaign/videos