Download 23.4 The Legacy of World War I

World War I
The Legacy of
World War I- 23.4
One young soldier from Harrisburg, PA, served as a bugler in the
Army. He was wounded and gassed in an attack on the last day of the
war. He spent several months in Europe and two days in a hospital in
New York City before he returned home. He eventually died from the
effects of the gassing.
“March 24, 1919 Entered NY Harbor. Mayor Committee of Welcome
came to meet us and band began to play “Home Sweet Home.”
Crowd began to cheer. As we steamed up the Bay, we all crowded to
one side of the boat, almost upsetting the boat… passed the Statue of
liberty and such whooping and cheering one never heard.”
Bugler Wayne DeSilvey, 112th Infantry Regiment, AEF, personal diary
Paris Peace Conference
• On January 18, 1919, diplomats from more than two dozen countries
gathered in Paris for a conference to discuss how to end the war
permanently.
• The conference leaders also discussed a more difficult problem. What
could they do to prevent another war involving so many countries?
• The conference lasted a little
more than a year. The
discussions produced
treaties (formal agreements)
with Germany, Austria, and
Bulgaria.
President Wilson’s Plans for Peace
• President Wilson hoped to prevent a conflict like World War
1 from happening again
• January 1918, ten months before the war actually ended,
Wilson told Congress about his radical new plan for peace
• This became known as the Fourteen Points.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• Plan called for
•
Smaller military forces
•
End to secret treaties
•
Freedom of the seas
•
Free trade
•
Changes in national boundaries- mostly giving
independence to people from Austria-Hungary from the
Ottoman empire
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• For Wilson, the final (14th) point was the
most important
• He called for a new association of nations
called the League of Nations
• Purpose would be to peacefully settle
disputes
• Believed that acceptance of the fourteen
points by the warring parties would bring
about “peach without victory”
article
League of Nations
• This was the 14th point of President
Wilson’s Fourteen Points speech.
• The League of Nations was formed to settle
future disputes peacefully, but it did not
prevent WWII.
• The United States did not join the League
of Nations because Congress would not
pass it due to conflicts with President
Wilson.
https://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play;_ylt=A2KIo9Y1Hg1XBD0AipssnIlQ;_ylu=X3
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%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D8pPmZm-zsk&tit=League+of+Nations&c=3&h=223&w=300&l=942&sigr=11bbgocej&sigt=10h6q4fh
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Treaty of Versailles
On June 28, 1919, Germany and the Allied Nations (including
Britain, France, Italy and Russia) signed the Treaty of
Versailles, formally ending the war.
The Treaty of Versailles imposed
very rigid restrictions against
Germany
• Taking their colonies
• Military limited to 100,000
• Pay reparations of $33 Billion
Treaty of Versailles
• They also divided up the empires of AustriaHungry and the Ottoman Empire. Created
Czechoslovakia and recognized Poland’s
independence.
• The United States Congress did not sign the
treaty, however, because it objected to the
creation of the League of Nations. Congress
and President Wilson could not come to an
agreement about the League of Nations.
• The treaty of Versailles failed to make Europe
“safe for democracy”. In the next decades,
Germany’s economic burdens and resentment
of the treaty would grow- and lead to WWII!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLJEdp7gdVo
The War and Social Changes
• The massive mobilization of soldiers and civilians led to
sweeping changes in American life, both during the
war and after it ended, which caused years of social
conflict.
• African Americans left the South to escape
poverty and racial violence. African Americans
moved to northern cities where they found jobs in
factories, almost 500,000 between 1910-1920.
• Factories were willing to hire African Americans
because most white men had left to fight in the
war; men were needed to produce war materials.
• Became known as the Great Migration
Women take on “Men’s Work”
• As with the Civil War, new jobs opened for
women during WWI when millions of men
were serving in the military, women were
needed to place them at work
• Steel mills
• Ammunition factories
• Assembly lines
• Streetcar conductors
• Elevator operators
• After the war, many women were laid off to
create positions for the returning veterans
• Many women found that they enjoyed working
and continued doing so after the war
Strikes
• Labor conflicts divided Americans after
the war when the nation had a number
of worker strikes.
• Federal regulators had kept workers’
wages low during the war but workers
expected a wage increase after the war,
but did not get one.
• February 1919, more than 50,000
workers in Seattle, WA, held a peaceful
general strike to demand better wages.
• The shutdown paralyzed the city
Red Scare
• An American reaction to the strikes was
that the U.S. was being threatened by a
communist revolution like what Russia was
encountering.
– This became known as the Red Scare
• Fear was heightened by the discovery of
mail bombs sent to the government offices.
• Many believed it was anarchists radicals
who do not believe in any type of
government.
https://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play;_ylt=A2KIo9hnFxFX83IAWOksnIlQ;_ylu=X3oDMTByZWc0dGJt
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Red Scare and Palmer Raids
• The Red Scare was not only antiradical but also anti-foreign
• Two Italian born anarchists, Nicola
Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
were arrested for killing two men
in an armed robbery
• Despite claiming innocence, (and
a lack of evidence) they were
found guilty and executed.
Palmer Raids
• January 1920, Attorney
General A. Mitchell Palmer
order a raid of the homes and
headquarters of suspected
radicals.
• “Palmer Agents” arrested at
least 6,000 people without
search warrants
https://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play;_ylt=A2KIo.A6FxFXD0kAloQsnIlQ;_ylu=X3oDMTByZWc0dGJtBHNl
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– Became known as the
Palmer Raids
Racial Conflict
• Racial tensions increased after the war and the Great
Migration
• White vigilantes lynched African Americans before mobs
• In most cases, the victims had been arrested on false
evidence
• In the North, white and black people competed for factory
jobs
• Simmering resentments over house, jobs, and segregation
exploded during the summer of 1919
• Over 20 race riots flared in cities around the country