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In this chapter you will
discover:
About the ‘Age of Revolution’
 What is meant by the ‘Industrial Revolution’
 How the new ideas led to the ‘Age of Revolt’
and the rise of nationalism
 What is meant by the ‘Enlightenment’
 How European states challenged the
Ottoman Empire

What were the changing
experienced by Europe, west
th
and North America in 18
century?
Political change---the age of
Revolt
Social change---increase in
population
Economic change-----The
industrial revolution
What was the Industrial
Revolution?

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

In the 18th century industrial revolution began in
Britain and spread across Europe and North
America---’The beginning of factory production’
The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental
change in the way goods were produced, from
human labor to machines.
New energy sources were developed to power the
new machinery – water, steam, electricity, oil (gas,
kerosene)
Increased use of metals and minerals
 Aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.
The Industrial Revolution
from this…..
To this….
What do you think what
were the reasons behind this
change in Britain?
This cause and effect chart
may clear your concept……..
Causes
•Treasure stolen from
the sub-continent
•End of the Battle of
Plassey
•Wealth from India
Effects
•To make the Britain
forceful
•Industrial Revolution
began
•Helped British
Businessmen and
Investors to support
British inventors and
built Factories
Social Changes:
Development and Growth of Cities
London
• 18th century –
600,000 people
• Rich people lived
in large houses
• Poor people were
died because of
disease and
malnutrition
• Rural-to-urban migrants – people who left the countryside to live in cities
• A sign of an industrialized nation is that a large proportion of the
population lives and works in urban areas
Development of the Domestic
System of Production
Domestic system developed in England
 Domestic system of production – “putting
out” system

 Businesspeople delivered raw materials to
workers’ homes
 Workers manufactured goods from these raw
materials in their homes (typically articles of
clothing)
 Businesspeople picked up finished goods and paid
workers wages based on number of items
Factory System
Developed to replace the domestic system of
production
 Faster method of production
 Workers concentrated in a set location
 Production anticipated demand

 For example: Under the domestic system, a woman
might select fabric and have a businessperson give it
to a home-based worker to make into a dress. Under
the factory system, the factory owner bought large lots
of popular fabrics and had workers create multiple
dresses in common sizes, anticipating that women
would buy them.
“Necessity Is the Mother of
Invention”
Steam Engines
Iron Industry
Coal as fuel
“Necessity Is the Mother of
Invention”
Coal mines
Coal mines and iron
work needed machines
Industrial expansion
continued……
“Necessity Is the Mother of
Invention”
As more steampowered machines
were built, factories
needed more coal to
create this steam
Mining methods
improved to meet
the demand for
more coal
•The process of inventing never ends
•One invention inevitably leads to improvements upon it
and to more inventions
Agriculture and Industry
The Industrial Revolution brought machinery to
farms
 The use of farm machinery meant that fewer
farm workers were needed
 Displaced farm workers moved to the cities to
find work in factories

 This is called rural-to-urban migration

Growing populations in urban cities required
farmers to grow more crops
 Food to eat
 Raw materials (like cotton) for textile factories
End of the Indian cotton
wealth……
In first half of 17 century Britain import
cotton from north America and cotton
cloths from India
 In second half of 17 century Britain had
3 spinning machines
 Britain made cloths were cheaper than
Indian made cloths which results British
began to sell British produced cotton in
India and Indian workers found
themselves out of work….

Review Questions
1.
What was the Industrial Revolution?
2.
Describe at least three developments of the
Industrial Revolution.
3.
Compare domestic and factory methods of
production.
4.
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?
5.
Explain why one invention or development leads to
another.