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Chapter 7 Politics and Society in the New Republic, 1787-1820 The Political Crisis of the 1790s • Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton The Federalist Implement the Constitution • Swept the election of 1788 • George Washington president • John Adams vice president Devising the New Government • Executive department: • Foreign Affairs (state)• Finance (treasury)• War• Judiciary Act of 1789- The Bill of Rights • Safeguarded fundamental personal rights like: • This eased Antifederalists concerns of oppressive government • Balance of national and state government Hamilton’s Financial Program • Enhance national authority and assist financiers and merchants • Three path-breaking reports to Congress: Public Credit: Redemption and Assumption • Hamilton asked Congress to redeem at face value the $55 million in Confederation securities held by foreign and domestic investors. Why? • Created a “national debt” from paying wealthy speculators • Accepted war debt from states • Why was this criticized? • How did he win political support in VA and MD? Creating a National Bank • Jointly owned • Responsibilities: • Thomas Jefferson and James Madison opposition • Why? Raising Revenue through Tariffs • Raising revenue to pay interest • Excise tax • Whisky tax • Higher protective tariffs vs. revenue tariffs • Sold western land (Jefferson) Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision • The Federalists split into two factions • Hamiltonians remained Federalists from the _______. • Jeffersonians called themselves ___________ from the ______. • The French Revolution 1789 helped Jefferson’s cause. How? The French Revolution Divides Americans • In 1793 President G. Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality Ideological Politics • Most Americans welcomed the Revolution. Why? • Why did some condemn the Revolution? • Whisky Rebellion created fear of domestic insurgency • Washington raised army of 12,000 to disperse Whiskey Rebels Jay’s Treaty • Washington sent John Jay to England to protect merchant neutrality during war • The U.S. -accepted Britain's right to stop neutral ships and required U.S. to pay pre-Revolutionary debt • England• Federalists= pro-British foreign policy The Rise of Political Parties • The First Party System • Most Americans were against parties. Why? • John Adams ( ) was elected president in 1796. • The XYZ Affair 1798- French foreign prime minister Talleyrand solicited a loan and bribe from American diplomats to stop the seizures. • Effect: Constitutional Crisis and the “Revolution of 1800” • Naturalization Act • Alien Act • Sedition Act • Republican outrage- • Republicans set forth “states rights” interpretation of the Constitution • States had a “right to judge” the legitimacy of national laws The Election of 1800 • Thomas Jefferson ( ) was elected president. • Tie vote with Aaron Burr was a tie. Controversy similar to 2000 election. • Significance- The Westward Movement and Jeffersonian Revolution The Expanding Republic and Native American Resistance Conflict over Land Rights • Invoking the Paris treaty and regarding Britain's Indian allies as conquered peoples, the U.S. government asserted both sovereignty over and ownership of the trans-Appalachian west, Indian nations rejected both claims. • Farmers moving to Indiana and Illinois territories sparked new conflicts with Native Americans. Assimilation Rejected Migration and the Changing Farm Economy South Migrants • Landlessness and opposition to slavery – • Slaveholders from Carolinas• Increase in slavery; cotton gin Innovation on Eastern Farms The Jeffersonian Presidency • Pirates in North Africa demanded tribute from merchants in the Mediterranean • How was this issue resolved? • Marbury vs. Madison (1803)• Reversing Federalist policies • Alien and Sedition Acts • Amended the Naturalization Act • Shrinking government • Abolished all internal taxes including Whiskey Tax • Reduced size of army • Repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801 Jefferson and the West • Pinckney’s Treaty• Supported policies to make it easier for farmers to acquire land The Louisiana Purchase • Napoléon violated Pinckney’s Treaty • Losing the Haitian Revolution • Effect: • Jefferson pragmatically accepted a loose interpretation of the Constitution Secessionist Schemes • Federalists threatened secession fearing western expansion • Ex-vice president Aaron Burr conspired to seize territory in New Spain or establish LA as a separate nation Lewis and Clark Meet the Mandan and Sioux • 1804 Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore • First maps with details of natural resources The War of 1812 and the Transformation of Politics Conflict in the Atlantic and the West • France and England blocked and seized American vessels trading the other • English were involved in “impressment” of Americans • 8000 American navy officers impressed • Chesapeake attacked in 1803 The Embargo of 1807• Effect: • James Monroe ( ) elected in 1808 Western War Hawks • England violates Treaty of Paris and Jay’s Treaty The War of 1812 • Cause: Federalist Oppose the War • Why? • By 1815, England grew tired of war • Treaty of Ghent 1815 The Federalist Legacy • After the war the Federalist split into 2 factions and eventually crumbled Marshall’s Federalist Law • John MarshallAsserting National Supremacy • McCulloch vs. Maryland 1819• Gibbons vs. Ogden 1824- Upholding Vested Property Rights • Fletcher vs. Peck 1819• Dartmouth College vs. Woodward 1819- The Diplomacy of John Quincy Adams • The Adams-Onis Treaty 1819• Monroe Doctrine • “Era of Good Feelings”