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U.S. in World War II
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: HOW WERE THE UNITED STATES AND ITS
ALLIES ABLE TO ACHIEVE VICTORY IN WORLD WAR II?
TEKS and Objectives
WE WILL…
(7A) identify reasons for U.S. involvement in WWII
(7B) evaluate the domestic and international leadership
of FDR during WWII
(7C) analyze the function of the U.S. Office of War
Information
(7D) analyze the interment of German, Italian, and
Japanese Americans and Executive Order 9066
(7G) explain the home front and how American
patriotism inspired exceptional actions by citizens and
military personnel
(17A) describe economic effects of WWII on the home
front
(19B) explain the constitutional issues raised during WWII
I WILL…
Analyze primary sources in order to evaluate
U.S. reaction to and involvement in WWII
American Neutrality
Neutrality Acts (1935-1937)
◦ Americans prohibited from travelling on
ships of nations at war
◦ Americans prohibited from selling arms
to countries at war
Cash-and-Carry Policy
◦ Sold non-military goods to nations
opposed to aggression (Allied Powers)
◦ Countries had to pay cash and carry on
their own ships
Japan Invades China
FDR’s “Quarantine Speech”
◦ Said peaceful nations had to act
together to quarantine (isolate)
aggressive nations
◦ Encouraged democratic nations to
boycott aggressors
◦ Most Americans opposed to U.S.
military intervention
Roosevelt’s “Quarantine” Speech called for economic embargoes against aggressors.
The speech caused an uproar with isolationists, and Roosevelt later backed down:
“It is my [hope] to pursue a policy of peace and avoid involvement in war. There is
an interdependence about the modern world, which makes it impossible for any
nation to isolate itself from [the] upheavals in the rest of the world, especially
when such upheavals appear to be spreading. It seems that the epidemic of world
lawlessness is spreading. When an epidemic of disease starts to spread, the
community joins in a quarantine of the patients in order to protect the health of
the community against the spread of the disease.”
If the free nations of the world had acted as Roosevelt proposed, would World
War II have been prevented? Explain your answer.
Aid Sent to China
Burma Road
◦ Used by British to send supplies
◦ Cut off by enemy
Flying Tigers
◦ Volunteer fighter pilots
◦ Sent supplies
◦ Destroyed almost 300 Japanese
aircraft
America Prepares for War
Congress
◦ Increased spending on army and navy
◦ Enacted first peacetime draft
President Roosevelt
◦ Ran for/was elected to third term
◦ First and last president to do so
Supporting the Allies
Lend-Lease Act
◦ U.S. would sell, lease, or lend war
materials to “any country whose
defense the President deems vital to
the defense of the United States”
U.S. Navy
◦ Battleships protected British ships in
the Atlantic
Roosevelt and Churchill
Roosevelt’s Vision for a World Based on Four Freedoms:
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Freedom of speech and expression
Freedom of religion
Freedom from want
Freedom from fear
Winston Churchill
◦ British Prime Minister
◦ Met with Roosevelt on U.S. warship
Atlantic Charter
◦ U.S. and G.B. seeking no territorial gains, freedom of the seas,
and end to all war
◦ Laid the foundation for the United Nations
Increasing U.S.-Japanese Tensions
Japanese Industrialization
◦ needed raw materials and markets for their industries
Japanese Imperialism
◦ Wanted to replace European imperialism in Asia
Japanese Aggression
◦ Military leaders influenced national policy
◦ Invaded Manchuria (1931) and China (1937)
◦ Occupied southern Indochina (1941)
U.S. Reaction
◦ Froze Japanese assets in the U.S.
◦ Cut off all trade with Japan (embargo)
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Japanese Strategy
◦ Surprise attack to temporarily eliminate U.S.
naval power from the Pacific
◦ Conquer territory in East Asia and the Pacific
before U.S. can recover
December 7, 1941
◦ Two waves of Japanese airplanes attacked the
U.S. Pacific fleet stationed in Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii
◦ sank/severely damages 18 U.S. ships
◦ Killed/injured almost 6,000 Americans
The day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt
asked Congress for a declaration of war against Japan.
“Yesterday, December 7, 1941 – a date that will live in infamy – the United States was suddenly
and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. The United States was
at peace with the nation, and … was still in conversation with its government toward the
maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had
commenced bombing the American island of Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the U.S. and his
colleague delivered to our Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message and
while this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it
contained no threat or hint of war or of armed attack.”
Should American officials have been surprised by the attack on Pearl Harbor? Explain your
answer.
United States Goes to War
Two-Front War
◦ U.S. declared war on Japan (Pacific)
◦ Germany and Italy declare war on
the U.S. (Atlantic)
Americans at War: The Home Front
War Bonds
◦ Purchased by citizens and used to
pay for the war
Industrial Production
◦ Switched rapidly from peacetime to
wartime production
◦ Automobile factories  tank
factories
Americans at War: The Home Front
Rationing
◦ Regulated amount of goods
consumers could get
◦ Food, coffee, tires, gasoline, clothing, etc.
◦ Ration coupons issued to each
family, based on size
Victory Gardens
◦ Vegetable gardens planted by
Americans
◦ Made more food available for troops
Americans at War: The Home Front
Office of War Information (OWI)
◦ Produced pro-Allied, anti-Axis
propaganda (movies and posters)
◦ Produced radio programs, newsreels
◦ Made citizens aware of how they
could help
◦ Stirred up distrust of German,
Italian, and Japanese leaders
Americans at War: The Home Front
Women in the Workforce
◦ New jobs, new skills, and new
opportunities
◦ Women’s Army Corps (WAC)
provided wartime jobs
◦ Women replaced men so more
could be sent into combat
Ethnic Minorities: Opportunities and
Obstacles
African Americans
◦ Many also replaced men in the workforce
◦ 1 million served in the military in
segregated units
◦ Leaders demanded and obtained all-black
combat units
Tuskegee Airmen
◦ African-American fighter group in the Air
Corps
◦ Provided escorts for pilots on bombing
missions
Ethnic Minorities: Opportunities and
Obstacles
Native Americans
◦ 25,000 served in combat
◦ 40,000 left their reservations to
work in defense industries
Mexican Americans
◦ Served in both the army and navy
◦ Continued to face segregated
housing, high unemployment, and
low wages
Internment Camps
Executive Order 9066 (February 1942)
◦ Forced Japanese Americans to relocated to internment camps
away from Western coast
◦ Japanese Americans lived in primitive and crowded conditions
Korematsu v. U.S.
◦ Japanese American refused to relocate
◦ Believed constitutional rights had been violated
◦ Supreme Court upheld Roosevelt’s Order on the grounds that
constitutional liberties may be limited in wartime
German and Italian Americans
◦ Small number also interned
◦ 2,000 German residents forcibly sent back to Germany