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Second Great Awakening Democratic Religion? Revival of interest in relig Focus on Bible, need all to read, interpret Possibly because of social anxiety (econ, urban, women, etc.) At same time as . . . Spread of universal white male suffrage Growth of educational opportunities, esp. lyceums Hoopla for “common man” Tech change made material culture cheaper Believed tech could solve probs Belief in “self-made man” – success up to you And . . . Availability of land important part of democracy Wilderness made America different from Europe, part of US identity Democracy, Individuality, Progress Edwin Church Natural Bridge, Virginia Hudson River School NOT ed institution! Romanticism Idealized nature Peaceful coexistence Expansion, settlement Nationalistic, proud Large canvases Thomas Cole, The Oxbow “Why, I can be saved!” Individ responsible for salvation, so no predestination Emotional response; reject rationalism Active! Revivalist! Intense! “Fanatical and almost wild spiritualism” Camp meeting in absence of churches Missionary aspects Individual can change Society can change Growth of sects, denominations Faith + good works = salvation Volunteer work U.S. is “called nation” At least 80 communal experiments active in 1840s How fit with rest of chapter? Brook Farm Started by Unitarians, inspired by Transcendentalism Joint-stock ($500 entry fee) Share work, worth based on work done Balance labor and leisure Meant as example to rest of world of “industry without drudgery, true equality w/o vulgarity.” Farming = close to nature, independence Lots of playing, dancing at The Hive Individual freedom, incl. wives from husbands Fails after 6 years Fruitlands Vegetarian, whatever grows up (no roots) Oneida Abandonment of self for good of whole “Bible communism” Share children (nurseries), wives (complex marriage), secrets (Criticism) Perfectionism Oberlin College 1832 idea of Oberlin College and colony – a pastor and his friend decided to found "A new Jerusalem, a city without sin, in the wilderness." Charles Finney becomes president soon after Admits women and African-Americans Stop on Underground Railroad Artwork at Oberlin