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Origins of the Cold War wikipedia , lookup
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The Cold War, 1946-1953 Libertyville HS Cold War in Europe, 1948-53 • Marshall Plan had “saved” Western Europe • Contest shifted eastward – Greeks won their civil war – Italians defeated Communist party in elections, 1948 – Soviet coup in Czechoslovakia, 1948 – Berlin Blockade, 1948-49 The Berlin Blockade • First major crisis of Cold War • Berlin made up of four sectors • Allies merged theirs into Western Berlin, started redeveloping area • Stalin instituted a 15 month blockade of food, materials, and supplies (1948-49) • US, RAF airlifted 2.3 million tons of food, supplies on 278,000 flights to Berlin 1 Flight Every 30 Seconds!!! Formation of NATO, Warsaw Pact • April 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed – Defense pact among western nations • Soviets formed “Warsaw Pact” in 1955, in reaction to West Germany joining NATO The Soviets Get The Bomb • Soviets had been working on atomic weapons since 1930s • Problem: getting enough uranium, inefficiency of leaders • Post WW2, Stalin gave program highest priority • Exploded first bomb in 1949 – Espionage helped Soviets avoid mistakes (Rosenbergs) First Soviet test explosion, 1949 Julius & Ethel Rosenberg, post-conviction Chinese Revolution and SEATO • 1949: Mao Tse-Tung defeated US backed government, est. Communist government • Soviets recognized new Chinese government • US formed Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) in response • Containment thus “Expanded” to include Latin America, Asia. Africa Founding members in purple Korean War (1950-53) • Korea divided at end of WWII – North communist (Kim Il-Sung) – South democratic (Syngman Rhee) – Each leader intent on bringing whole peninsula under their system – North Capitol: Pyongyang – South Capitol: Seoul Korean War • 6/25/50: North invaded across 38th parallel – UN condemned action – US promised military support – North advanced quickly; South military disintegrated – “Pusan Perimeter” • Douglas MacArthur appointed UN commander – Based in Japan – 19 nations contributed troops Korean War • Inchon Landing (9/15/50) – “End Run” around North – Surprise, successful – threatened to trap North’s army, in South • UN forces pursued North across 38th parallel – Captured Pyongyang – North’s army disintegrated Korean War • Chinese intervention – Chinese concerned about invasion by UN across Yalu River – 11/1/50: 250k Chinese “volunteers” attacked UN troops in North Korea – Pushed UN troops across 38th Parallel – Truman fired MacArthur!!! • 1951-53: Stalemate • July 27, 1953: armistice signed, ending war, after Stalin died – “DMZ” Nuclear Weapons, 1950s • Nuclear (fission) bomb (“Atomic bomb”) – Dropped on Hiroshima, Nagasaki – Least “technical” bomb to build – Yield = 500 kt (500,000 tons of TNT) • Hydrogen (fission + fusion) bomb – Thermonuclear device – Developed 1952 in US, 1955 USSR – Yield = sky’s the limit (largest detonated = 50 megatons, or 50 million tons of TNT) 1950s Cold War Nuclear Strategy • US strategy – Strategic in nature (massive response, against Soviet cities) – Based on jet propelled bomber fleet (until 1960s) • USSR strategy – Limited strategic use b/c of technical limitations (until ICBMs developed, in 1957) – Conventional war would follow – Anticipated use of tactical (battlefield) nuclear weapons against enemy troops in Europe Bomber tracks from USSR, 1951 US Reaction to Nuclear Weapons • Public wanted to feel safe • Fallout shelters – Protection against “fallout” (radioactive debris) in case of nuclear attack – Usually built underground or of special materials (lead, etc) • Education of kids – Schools taught kids how to survive an attack – “Duck and Cover”