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Agriculture Innovation Indicators
Dr. Victor Konde
ICT Science and Technology Division (ISTD)
UN Economic Commission for Africa
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
www.uneca.org/istd
/
www.uneca.org/aisi
Overview
 The issue
 Why and what?
 Breaking down the terminology
 Giving words the meaning
 Challenges
 What we should keep in mind
 Options
 The compromise
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
www.uneca.org/istd
/
www.uneca.org/aisi
Knowing each other
 UNECA
 ICT Science and Technology Division
 Science and Technology Section
Composed of four main pillars
1. Policy advice
2. Technical assistance
3. Entrepreneurship and innovation support
4. Partnerships
 Experience
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
www.uneca.org/istd
/
www.uneca.org/aisi
Issues
 Why develop indicators?
 Aid policy making and policy learning
 Improve innovation performance
 Understand the role of different actors
 Target support
Etc
 Perception is reality
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
www.uneca.org/istd
/
www.uneca.org/aisi
To inform and achieve our targets
East African countries
Indicator Name
Burundi
Kenya
Rwanda
Tanzania
Uganda
middle
countries
Mauritius
School enrollment, tertiary
(% gross)
Percent of population living
on $2 a day (PPP)
Life expectancy at birth,
total (years)*
GDP per capita (current
US$)
Percentage
of
manufactures in exports
Mobile
cellular
subscriptions
(per
100
people)
Internet users (per 100
people)
Patent
applications,
residents
Roads, paved (% of total
roads)
3.2
4.0
5.5
2.1
4.2
16.0
93.4
39.9
90.3
96.6
64.7
50.3
57.1
55.1
58.2
54.1
73.4
74.2
192.1
794.8
529.7
523.8
508.9
7590.8
8372.8
11
35
13
17
30
60
70
13.7
61.6
33.4
46.8
38.4
93.0
119.2
2.1
25.9
13.0
11.0
12.5
28.7
56.3
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
Malaysia
40.2
2.3
77.0
14.3
income
1233.0
6.7
98.0
www.uneca.org/istd
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www.uneca.org/aisi
The three main terms:
What do we mean by “innovation”
 Innovation as application of knowledge to development
 New products of processes
 New markets
 New organizational arrangements or practices
 New designs or arts of work
 Innovation by type
 Incremental (on the farm)
 Radical (e.g. 2G to 4G leaps in performance)
 Changes in technology systems (e.g. type write to PC)
 Changes in techno-economic paradigms (e.g. the Information
economy)
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
www.uneca.org/istd
/
www.uneca.org/aisi
How do we see “innovation” happen ?
 Linear model
 Discouraged in theory but still used in practice
 Innovation system
 Most popular but has its own challenges
 Ecosystem approach
 Gaining popularity but …..
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
www.uneca.org/istd
/
www.uneca.org/aisi
Terms: What is agriculture?
 Farming
 Farming and agro-industries
 All activities that support the farming
 All activities around all actors in the sector
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
www.uneca.org/istd
/
www.uneca.org/aisi
Kobus Lindeque
Scientific Advancement Resulting in
Current and Future Yield Enhancement
Innovation in protecting and boosting yields
Commercialized
Products
Insulate farmers from extreme weather
and insect infestations
Future Products
Boost yield while maximizing the seed for use in feed, food and
fuel
Yield Per Acre Increases
Higher Yielding
Nitrogen
Utilization
Drought
Tolerance
Herbicide
Tolerance
Insect
Protection
Molecular Breeding Forms the Solid Base to Build in Seed Enhancement
Commercialized
Early Next Decade
Mid Next Decade
…and Beyond
Source: Herman van Schalkwyk, 2007
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
www.uneca.org/istd
/
www.uneca.org/aisi
Integration of livestock and crop value chains
Maize meal
Maize
Processed products (starch, industrial chemicals, fuel, etc.)
Animal fodder
On-hoof
Livestock
Meat
Processed
meats
Finished
Products
Hides & skins
By-product
Feed & fertilizers
Animal feed
Cotton
Cotton seed
Lint
Thread
Seed Oil
Seed cake
Textile/fabric
Cotton stock (soil nutrient)
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Other byproducts
Garment
Indicators
 A proxy measure
 The level of accuracy
 Relevance to the subject
 Data availability (e.g. is it measurable or available)
 Context:
 Farm, farms, Area, District, Country, Continent,
World?
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
www.uneca.org/istd
/
www.uneca.org/aisi
Typical innovation indicators:
Innovation Union Scoreboard
Summary
Innovation
Index
FIRM
ACTIVIITES
ENABLERS
Human
resources
New
Postgraduates
Open Research
systems
Peer-reviewed
Publications
Finance
Firm
investments
R&D public
expenditure
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
R&D private
expenditure
Linkages /
entrepreneurship
SME’s in
collaborative
innovation
OUTPUTS
Intellectual
assets
Patents,
designs and
trademarks
Economic
Innovators
Effects
High growth
firms
www.uneca.org/istd
/
Exports and
Employment
www.uneca.org/aisi
Broaden innovation assessments
Innovation
INPUTS
Human capital
Graduates
R&D personnel
Finance
R&D funding
Technology
Royalties
Capital goods
OUTPUTS
Publications
Science and
engineering
publications
Intellectual property
Patents, trade marks,
industrial designs
IMPACTS
Trade
Domestic
ForeignExports/Imports
Industry
Usage
Employment
Investments
Productivity
policy environment (governs the relationships)
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
www.uneca.org/istd
/
www.uneca.org/aisi
Issues: Shifts in agricultural innovations perceptions

National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS)
 R&D with a greater focus of technology development, transfer and diffusion
 The CGIAR approach

Agricultural knowledge information systems (KIS)
 A focus on knowledge and learning- promoted by the World Bank but largely
on case studies
 Conservation farming, low till and organic – are more knowledge (practices)
than technology

Agricultural innovation systems
 Application of innovation system approach to agriculture
 Focus on relationships and interactions that facilitate innovation in agriculture

Coming soon---Agricultural innovation ecosystem approach
 Application of the innovation ecosystem approach to agriculture
 A focus on relationships and interactions beyond agriculture and borders
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
www.uneca.org/istd
/
www.uneca.org/aisi
Challenges:
 Innovation indicators
 Plenty of tools for innovation performance by various
sources
 Few tools for innovation potential
 Very few for innovation environment/climate
 Agricultural innovation indicators
 Not many standard indicators (CGIAR efforts)
 Typical innovation indicators are found to underestimate Ag
innovation
 A number of efforts based on case studies (grass root
innovations at community level
 They tend to focus on the farm or farmer
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
www.uneca.org/istd
/
www.uneca.org/aisi
Good trend???
Tanzania: Total Cereals Production (tonnes)
7000000
6000000
5000000
4000000
3000000
2000000
1000000
0
1980
1985
1990
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
1995
2000
2005
www.uneca.org/istd
2010
/
www.uneca.org/aisi
May be not that good???
Tanzania: Yeild of total cereal
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1980
1985
1990
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
1995
2000
2005
www.uneca.org/istd
2010
/
www.uneca.org/aisi
May be not that good???
Production per agricultural population
250
200
150
100
50
0
1980
1985
1990
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
1995
2000
2005
www.uneca.org/istd
2010
/
www.uneca.org/aisi
May be need urgent attention
Tanzania: Food supply (Kcal/capital/day-crops equiv.)
2300
2250
2200
2150
2100
2050
2000
1950
1900
1850
1975
1980
1985
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
1990
1995
2000
www.uneca.org/istd
2005
/
2010
www.uneca.org/aisi
Comparisons: Ok??
2500
2000
1500
Yeild (total cereals-MT/ha)
1000
Kcal/capita/day
500
0
Kenya
Rwanda
Tanzania
Uganda
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
www.uneca.org/istd
/
www.uneca.org/aisi
Assessing innovation in agriculture
INPUTS
Human capital
Graduates
R&D personnel
Employees
Finance
R&D funding
OUTPUTS
Publications
Science and
engineering
publications
Intellectual property
Patents, trade marks,
industrial designs
Technology
Readiness
IMPACTS
Trade
Domestic
ForeignExports/Imports
Industry
Usage
Employment
Investments
Productivity
policy environment
Innovation policy, Education, Finance, Promotion, Networking/infrastructure,
Target groups, Policy research
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
www.uneca.org/istd
/
www.uneca.org/aisi
Choice between measuring change and fixed periods
Choice between small and large picture
Choice between technological innovations and non-tech
Perhaps consider innovation policy measurements
ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA
www.uneca.org/istd
/
www.uneca.org/aisi