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Agriculture Innovation Indicators Dr. Victor Konde ICT Science and Technology Division (ISTD) UN Economic Commission for Africa ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA www.uneca.org/istd / www.uneca.org/aisi Overview The issue Why and what? Breaking down the terminology Giving words the meaning Challenges What we should keep in mind Options The compromise ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA www.uneca.org/istd / www.uneca.org/aisi Knowing each other UNECA ICT Science and Technology Division Science and Technology Section Composed of four main pillars 1. Policy advice 2. Technical assistance 3. Entrepreneurship and innovation support 4. Partnerships Experience ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA www.uneca.org/istd / www.uneca.org/aisi Issues Why develop indicators? Aid policy making and policy learning Improve innovation performance Understand the role of different actors Target support Etc Perception is reality ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA www.uneca.org/istd / www.uneca.org/aisi To inform and achieve our targets East African countries Indicator Name Burundi Kenya Rwanda Tanzania Uganda middle countries Mauritius School enrollment, tertiary (% gross) Percent of population living on $2 a day (PPP) Life expectancy at birth, total (years)* GDP per capita (current US$) Percentage of manufactures in exports Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) Internet users (per 100 people) Patent applications, residents Roads, paved (% of total roads) 3.2 4.0 5.5 2.1 4.2 16.0 93.4 39.9 90.3 96.6 64.7 50.3 57.1 55.1 58.2 54.1 73.4 74.2 192.1 794.8 529.7 523.8 508.9 7590.8 8372.8 11 35 13 17 30 60 70 13.7 61.6 33.4 46.8 38.4 93.0 119.2 2.1 25.9 13.0 11.0 12.5 28.7 56.3 ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA Malaysia 40.2 2.3 77.0 14.3 income 1233.0 6.7 98.0 www.uneca.org/istd / www.uneca.org/aisi The three main terms: What do we mean by “innovation” Innovation as application of knowledge to development New products of processes New markets New organizational arrangements or practices New designs or arts of work Innovation by type Incremental (on the farm) Radical (e.g. 2G to 4G leaps in performance) Changes in technology systems (e.g. type write to PC) Changes in techno-economic paradigms (e.g. the Information economy) ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA www.uneca.org/istd / www.uneca.org/aisi How do we see “innovation” happen ? Linear model Discouraged in theory but still used in practice Innovation system Most popular but has its own challenges Ecosystem approach Gaining popularity but ….. ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA www.uneca.org/istd / www.uneca.org/aisi Terms: What is agriculture? Farming Farming and agro-industries All activities that support the farming All activities around all actors in the sector ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA www.uneca.org/istd / www.uneca.org/aisi Kobus Lindeque Scientific Advancement Resulting in Current and Future Yield Enhancement Innovation in protecting and boosting yields Commercialized Products Insulate farmers from extreme weather and insect infestations Future Products Boost yield while maximizing the seed for use in feed, food and fuel Yield Per Acre Increases Higher Yielding Nitrogen Utilization Drought Tolerance Herbicide Tolerance Insect Protection Molecular Breeding Forms the Solid Base to Build in Seed Enhancement Commercialized Early Next Decade Mid Next Decade …and Beyond Source: Herman van Schalkwyk, 2007 ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA www.uneca.org/istd / www.uneca.org/aisi Integration of livestock and crop value chains Maize meal Maize Processed products (starch, industrial chemicals, fuel, etc.) Animal fodder On-hoof Livestock Meat Processed meats Finished Products Hides & skins By-product Feed & fertilizers Animal feed Cotton Cotton seed Lint Thread Seed Oil Seed cake Textile/fabric Cotton stock (soil nutrient) © Global Development Solutions, LLC™ – All Rights Reserved Other byproducts Garment Indicators A proxy measure The level of accuracy Relevance to the subject Data availability (e.g. is it measurable or available) Context: Farm, farms, Area, District, Country, Continent, World? ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA www.uneca.org/istd / www.uneca.org/aisi Typical innovation indicators: Innovation Union Scoreboard Summary Innovation Index FIRM ACTIVIITES ENABLERS Human resources New Postgraduates Open Research systems Peer-reviewed Publications Finance Firm investments R&D public expenditure ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA R&D private expenditure Linkages / entrepreneurship SME’s in collaborative innovation OUTPUTS Intellectual assets Patents, designs and trademarks Economic Innovators Effects High growth firms www.uneca.org/istd / Exports and Employment www.uneca.org/aisi Broaden innovation assessments Innovation INPUTS Human capital Graduates R&D personnel Finance R&D funding Technology Royalties Capital goods OUTPUTS Publications Science and engineering publications Intellectual property Patents, trade marks, industrial designs IMPACTS Trade Domestic ForeignExports/Imports Industry Usage Employment Investments Productivity policy environment (governs the relationships) ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA www.uneca.org/istd / www.uneca.org/aisi Issues: Shifts in agricultural innovations perceptions National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) R&D with a greater focus of technology development, transfer and diffusion The CGIAR approach Agricultural knowledge information systems (KIS) A focus on knowledge and learning- promoted by the World Bank but largely on case studies Conservation farming, low till and organic – are more knowledge (practices) than technology Agricultural innovation systems Application of innovation system approach to agriculture Focus on relationships and interactions that facilitate innovation in agriculture Coming soon---Agricultural innovation ecosystem approach Application of the innovation ecosystem approach to agriculture A focus on relationships and interactions beyond agriculture and borders ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA www.uneca.org/istd / www.uneca.org/aisi Challenges: Innovation indicators Plenty of tools for innovation performance by various sources Few tools for innovation potential Very few for innovation environment/climate Agricultural innovation indicators Not many standard indicators (CGIAR efforts) Typical innovation indicators are found to underestimate Ag innovation A number of efforts based on case studies (grass root innovations at community level They tend to focus on the farm or farmer ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA www.uneca.org/istd / www.uneca.org/aisi Good trend??? Tanzania: Total Cereals Production (tonnes) 7000000 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 1980 1985 1990 ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA 1995 2000 2005 www.uneca.org/istd 2010 / www.uneca.org/aisi May be not that good??? Tanzania: Yeild of total cereal 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 1980 1985 1990 ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA 1995 2000 2005 www.uneca.org/istd 2010 / www.uneca.org/aisi May be not that good??? Production per agricultural population 250 200 150 100 50 0 1980 1985 1990 ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA 1995 2000 2005 www.uneca.org/istd 2010 / www.uneca.org/aisi May be need urgent attention Tanzania: Food supply (Kcal/capital/day-crops equiv.) 2300 2250 2200 2150 2100 2050 2000 1950 1900 1850 1975 1980 1985 ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA 1990 1995 2000 www.uneca.org/istd 2005 / 2010 www.uneca.org/aisi Comparisons: Ok?? 2500 2000 1500 Yeild (total cereals-MT/ha) 1000 Kcal/capita/day 500 0 Kenya Rwanda Tanzania Uganda ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA www.uneca.org/istd / www.uneca.org/aisi Assessing innovation in agriculture INPUTS Human capital Graduates R&D personnel Employees Finance R&D funding OUTPUTS Publications Science and engineering publications Intellectual property Patents, trade marks, industrial designs Technology Readiness IMPACTS Trade Domestic ForeignExports/Imports Industry Usage Employment Investments Productivity policy environment Innovation policy, Education, Finance, Promotion, Networking/infrastructure, Target groups, Policy research ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA www.uneca.org/istd / www.uneca.org/aisi Choice between measuring change and fixed periods Choice between small and large picture Choice between technological innovations and non-tech Perhaps consider innovation policy measurements ICTs, Science & Technology Division (ISTD), UNECA www.uneca.org/istd / www.uneca.org/aisi