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Middle Ages Fall of Rome • With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, many smaller independent kingdoms came into focus. • The Vandals took Carthage in 439 and in 455 ransacked Rome heaping more destruction that the Goths did 45 years earlier. • Bad impact on the church as they were Arians • Vandals ruled for a century until conquered by Byzantine Empire Germanic Tribes • Northern Germania-Present day: Netherlands, Belgium, Western Germany • Southern Germania-Switzerland, Southwestern Germany, eastern France • http://www.vlib.us/medieval/lectures/germanic _invasions.html • http://www.centuryone.com/rmnwrd.html Tribes • Visigoths defeated Rome in 410 and in Spain in 415 where they remained until Muslims ran them out in 8th century • Visigoths were also Arian but did not persecute like the Vandals did but eventually Arianism was stamped out of Visigoths • King Recared was converted to Nicene Christianity • Visigoth Christianity said priests could only marry with bishop permission and Jews who had been forced to convert could not go back. Visigoths • Only 15 of 34 Kings died of natural causes • King Recesvinth killed 700 of his enemies and distributed their wives to his friends • King Roderick, Muslim, conquered the area and ended the Visigoth reign but Christianity was imbedded • This later led to Christians trying to take back the land from the Moors Gaul • Present day: France, Luxembourg, Belgium, Switzerland, Northern Italy and part of Germany and Netherlands. • In 5th Century divided by 2 invading groups: Burgundians and Franks (later France) • Burgundians didn’t persecute Christians as Vandals did • Clovis, Frank King, promised he would convert to Christianity if God gave him victory in battle Tribes • In 534, Franks conquered the Burgundians • Charles “The Hammer” Martel led troops against Muslims, who had taken Spain, in the battle of Tours. • Pepin, Charles’ son, became king and his son Charlemagne is considered greatest ruler in middle ages • During these times, powerful Kings decided who would be bishop • Bishops acted as lords and not pastors Scottish-Irish • Scottish-Irish was different in that it was not bishop ruled but led by monasteries • They brought about confession to priests • Sent missionaries and eventually reached land held by Saxons and Angles (Great Britain) • They also disagreed on date for Easter Invasion • Lombards (Germanic Tribe) invaded Italy and Constantinople was weakening a little so the Pope’s developed an alliance with Frankish Kings thus ultimately crowning Charlemagne emperor of the west • 5th-8th century western Europe was hit hard by invasions. Paganism and Arianism had ruled much but invaders brought Nicene Christianity and monasteries and Papacy played a role in sustaining it Papacy • In 452, the west was invaded by Attila and the Huns • Constantinople diverted him to west by offering him gold • No leadership in west so Bishop or “Pope” Leo was sent to negotiate and he turned Attila back thus gaining much power and prestige Beginnings • According to Roman Catholic church, Jesus established Peter, as bishop of Rome, as the first Pope so his successors would follow • Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches deny this • Pope means father • The term was only reserved for bishop of Rome in 6th century which is well after claims for the title Pope • Bishop of Rome had prestige: Imperial city, church was largest and wealthiest • By 3rd century, probably 30,000 in church of Rome with 150 clerics and 1,500 widows • Several writers refereed to Peter and Paul as founders of church • Until Constantine, the Roman Bishop did not have an jurisdiction outside of Rome Pope • Church developed in 3rd-4th centuries into importance of church councils and bishops having authority over other bishops. • Councils sent bishops but those whom the apostles started had more influence • Church adopted empire. This means Rome was the imperial city so the “pope” was in Rome Pope • Country churches were established but Bishops did not oversee them. Instead, presbyters were sent to them. • These were controlled by bishops but could • Council of Nicaea recognized Rome, Antioch, and Alexandria as preeminent in their areas Pope • When Constantine switched his imperial city to Constantinople in 330, the bishop here gained power as well • In 381 at the Council of Constantinople, Thesodious ruled the bishop of Constantinople to be 2nd to Rome because this was the new Rome • At a Synod in 382, the bishops said that Rome was preeminent and thus the first saying of this Pope • Leo-On his entrance sermon he preached that Christ had promised to build his church on Peter and the bishops of Rome are his successors in that authority • Different political climate than in east where Constantinople was still strong • Rome relied more on bishops and this played into them having more power Pope • Leo’s words were perfect timing for an uncertain Rome • In 445, Emperor Valentinian III issued a decree for the army to bring to the imperial court any bishop who refused • This brought into law Leo’s words that the bishop of Rome was the head of the church • But, in 451 at Council of Chalcedon, the bishop of Constantinople was given equal power thus creating 2 heads Pope • In 455, the Vandals overtook Rome and Leo again went to negiotate • This time King Gaiseric did not destroy all of the city but he looted for 14 days • Leo was credited for saving the city as he negotiated since the emperor Maximus was slain by one of his bodyguards as he tried to escape