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Unit 1 8000 BCE to 600 BCE: Intro • Period 1 8000BCE-600BCE • Starts @ Neolithic Revolution • First human-like creature (Lucy) Australopithecines • Out of Africa – All people come from AFR – Bearing Strait • Civilization (farming) leads to disease, women inequality • 8000 BCE – Neolithic Revolution/Agricultural Revolution • First crops = wheat/barley in Middle East • Then rice/China, yams/AFR, maize/AME • Farming brings surplus of food – If your food and security… • Domesticated animals start in Middle East – Lambs, goats, cows • Only Llamas in AME – Columbia Exchange? • Most civs develop independently – Especially AME • Ag settlements (not civs) – Jericho 8000 BCE (Israel) – Chatel Huyuk 7000 BCE (Turkey) • • • • • • • • • What is a civ? Food surplus Job specialization Writing Art Trade Stratification Army New Tech • Metals during this time are very important • First Bronze (copper + tin) – 3000 BCE • First Iron – 1300 BCE • Themes • Environment altered by humans – Irrigation – Indus, Nile, Yellow all flood • Developments from cultural interaction – Trade among empires • As civilization progresses, woman’s status declines – Hunters/gatherers egalitarian Ancient River Valley Civilizations, Part 1 • • • • • • • River Valley Civs: Mesopotamia Flooding = angry gods Travelers = causing trouble, less stability Sumer Cuneiform = earliest known writing Epic of Gilgamesh – Flood found in other stories • Govs less centralized – City states • Sumerian Advancements • Wheel, calendar, 60 base number system • Babylonians take over Sumer • Code of Hammurabi – Diff rules for diff classes – Super strict – Gender inequality • • • • • • • Mesopotamia highlights Polytheistic Not centralized gov Hammurabi’s Code Cuneiform Wheel Gilgamesh • Hittites bring iron to Mesopotamia • Diffusion – getting something from another culture • • • • • • • Major Mesopotamian cultures: Sumer Acadians Babylon Hittites Assyrians Persians • Egypt • Nile predictable flooding – Less angry gods? • • • • 3 kingdoms – old, middle, new Pyramids in old Interact w/ Nubians in middle More militaristic in new • • • • • Pharaoh is middle More centralized than Meso Pyramids show stratification Hieroglyphics (probably borrowed from Meso) Papyrus = paper Compare Zigs, Pyrs, AME pyrs Compare Cuneiform, Herioglyphics, Mayan Glyphs • Hatshepsut – women ruler – Then Egypt has more status for women than other civs • Diffusion of bronze into Egypt from Hyksos • • • • • • • Egyptian Highlights: Polytheistic Social Strat Centralized (more than Meso) Higher status for women Pyramids Hieroglyphics Ancient River Valley Civilizations, Part 2 • Indus (Pakistan) (N. India) – Cities: Mohenjo Daro, Harappa • Indoor plumbing, peaceful • Social strat • Proof of long distance trade – Indus seals found in Meso/CHN • Aryans take over end Indus Civ • Start Hinduism/Caste System • China (Shang Dynasty) first • Oracle bones – Scratch questions, fire, get answers from ancestors • Zhou (Joe) – Longest dynasty – Create mandate of heaven • God gives emperor right to rule if he is good • Maybe justification to overthrow Shang? • • • • Exceptions to river valley rule Americas Olmec in Central America Chavin in Peru • Important groups • Indo-Europeans – Rode horses – Spread from C. Asia – Aryans/Huns • Bantu migrations (2000BCE) – Sub Sahara – Spread their language, farming and iron • Hebrews (first monotheists) • Phonecians – Phonetics (becomes modern alphabet) • Religion in U1 • Animism – “animating” giving objects spirits – Africa, Asia • Hinduism • Judaism • Zoroastrianism – – – – Good and evil starts here. Arguments for this was first monotheist religion Good god/bad god maybe polytheistic Maybe archetype for God/Devil Unit 2.1 600 BCE to 600 CE: • Why 600 BCE? – Rise of classical civilizations (Rome, Han, Gupta) – development of major world religions/philosophies • Why 600 CE? – Islam • Gains power that no religion has had before • Big Picture Events: – Rise and fall of empires – Development and spread of world religions and belief systems – Major development and expansion of large trade networks • Rise and fall of Empires • • China • Zhou dynasty ends in 256 BCE – Longest lasting dynasty, develop the Mandate of Heaven • Warring States Period • Qin dynasty (221 BCE-209 BCE) Really short period • Shi Huangdi- known as the first emperor of China – Unifies China after the warring states period – Uses legalism to straighten everyone up • • • • People are evil by nature Super strict Government is there to keep people from chaos Burned Confucius’ works • Builds tomb guarded by Terra Cotta warriors and starts the Great Wall – Modern wall is Ming Dynasty • Standardizes weights, measurements, currencies, laws and written language • Han dynasty (206 BCE to 200 CE) • Legalism out, Confucianism back in • Golden Age of China – Golden Age anywhere = Peace, culture, art • Established the Silk Road – Han (silk) and Romans (precious metals) trade • “creepy silk boxers” comment – Tons of diffusion on the Silk Roads – Buddhism spreads to China via silk road • From India to China • Civil Service Exam begins w/ Han – Based on teachings of Confucius • (Analects) his book – Government should be highly educated – Created a government bureaucracy skilled and stable • Based on merit – Possibility of social mobility through the test – Society is male dominated due to Confucianism • Husband-wife, older brother-younger brother etc… – Technology • Paper manufactured, sun dials, calendars, compass, rudder, seismograph, water powered • India • Mauryan Empire (322- 185 BCE) – First to unify the Indian subcontinent – Ashoka • First super-violent, then converted to Buddhism • Spread Buddhism and kept it from dying out – Probably would have died out without him • • • • Larger geographically than Gupta Traded with outsiders Taken down by invaders Time of dis-unification • Gupta Empire (320- 550 CE) • G=Golden • Hinduism reemerges from south (Buddhism in north) • Buddhism moves to China • Golden Age of India: Number system developed (Arabic numerals), concept of zero, concept of pi, Sanskrit flourishes, predicted eclipses, inoculation, surgeries and bone setting – Maya also have zero w/o interaction • Aliens, of course – Not as centralized, smaller than the Mauryan – Hinduism reasserted • Major continuity throughout India • Sati a strong example of patriarchal society in India – Way of women to purify her soul 600 BCE to 600 CE: Mediterranean Empires • • • • Persian Empire Cyrus the Great starts the Empire (Iran) Zoroastrian religion Known to take ppl over, but let them worship how they pleased • Leader known as “King of Kings” • Royal Road (1600 miles of roads comparable to eventual Roman roads) – Led to trade and ease of governing • Capital Persepolis (comparable to Chang’an, Athens, Rome, Teotihuacan) – Really rich city, lots of gold • Persian War – Battle of Marathon “Nike!” – Battle of Thermopile • Athens/Sparta come together w/ 300 soldiers to defeat millions of Persians • Defeated by Greeks in Persian War (this developed the concept of East and West) and finally defeated by Alexander the Great of Macedonia • Greece – Adopted Phoenician alphabet – Geography makes them unique • Mountains, islands makes them isolated – City-states • Athens- democracy, science, arts, philosophy, architecture (Parthenon) • Sparta- military • Join together to fight in the Persian War • Culture- Olympics, mythology, epic poems of the Odyssey and Iliad (Homer), drama and comedy, development of philosophy (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Alexander) X taught Y – Aristotle model of Greek thought by use of logic • Reason, logic, scientific method • Peloponnesian War – – – – Athens v. Greece (Civil war) Sparta wins Weakened Taken over by Alex • Alexander the Great • Conquered Greece and spread Greek culture (Hellenism) – Awesome @war – Empire facilitated interaction and spread of culture (Greece, India, Persia, and Egypt) – Hellenistic Empire – Golden Age • Library of Alexandria in Egypt center of learning (good comparison to later Timbuktu, Mali) – Geometry, medicine, anatomy, circumference of the earth, Pythagorean theorem, geocentric thought of Ptolemy • Rome (Greatest achievements are law and engineering) – Roman Republic • Senate, Twelve Tables (comparable to Hammurabi’s law code) • Patricians (rich) and Plebeians (poor) • Military domination and expansion with the Punic wars v. Carthage (N. AFR) • Empire • First Emperor: Julius Caesar killed (44 BCE), Octavian Augustus becomes emperor • Empire stretches from England to Middle East – Constantine did the spreading • Pax Romana (Roman peace) – Golden Age – Comparable to Golden age of Athens, later Pax Mongolica and Pax Tokugawa of Japan – Law- innocent unless proven guilty by court – Engineering (Coliseum), aqueducts (for clean water all over the city) – Roads (comparable to Persian royal road and later Incan roads) • Roman culture influenced by Greek cultural diffusion – Roman/Greek gods the same • Slavery- Both Greek and Roman society heavily dependent on slavery (comparison to Chinese dependency on the peasants) – China had peasants, not slaves – Slaves did all jobs, not just regular labor • Silk Road – Rome traded precious metals with the Han for silk 600 BCE to 600 CE: The Americas • Americas – Maya (300-1100 CE) – Much later than Mediterranean and Chinese classical civs • Warring city states under one ruler (Tikal, Chichen Itza) • Writing system-glyphs (comparable to Egyptian hieroglyphics) – Picture writing – Means “carving” • Calendar is really close to measuring days/years • Developed zero as a placeholder like Gupta India • Astronomical observations and development of calendar • Steppe pyramids of Tikal (Guatemala) and Chichen Itza (Yucatan, Mexico) – Compare with ziggurat in Mesopotamia and Egyptian pyramids • Teotihuacan – City in valley of Mexico (later model for Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan) – Based on grid – Similar time as Mayas • Moche of South America in the Andes (100700 CE) – Extensive irrigation, complex culture • Comparisons – Maya and Gupta develop the concept of zero independently • Rome and Han • Politically centralized but Han had bureaucracy based on merit • Economically both used the silk road to exchange goods • Religiously Rome was first polytheistic later adopted Christianity (380 CE) while the Han relied on Confucianism and later adopted Buddhism – Both adopted foreign religions • Social: Rome used slaves, Han used peasants • Intellectual: Roman law and engineering/ Han civil service exam, roads, compass • Artistic: state sponsored art • Greeks and Romans much more dependent on slavery than the Han • Maya were warring city states similar to that of Greece • Classical empire capitals – (Athens, Persepolis (Persia), Teotihuacan, Chang an, Rome) • Golden Ages(Rome Han Gupta) – Peace – Art/Science – Trade • Fall of Empires • Maya- possible exhaustion of the environment – Mystery of how they fell • Han China- (220 CE) – Internal - population increases, land problems, corruption, peasant rebellion called Yellow Turban (184 CE), disease – External- conflict with nomadic Xiongnu • People from north w/ good horses • Roman Empire (Western Rome falls in 476 CE, East survives as the Byzantine Empire) – Internal- tax revolts, poor leaders, division of empire, violent death of emperors, over expansion, decrease in trade, reliance on mercenaries, disease – External- Huns and Goths • From north • Gupta- Invasion by the White Huns- cost weakened state and eventually overrun – Hinduism and caste system survived Unit 2.2 600 BCE to 600 CE: Belief Systems, Part 1 • Polytheism- most early civilizations were polytheistic (belief in many gods) – Animism- Africa, Americas – objects can have spirits (ANIMATE) – Shamanism- Americas, Central Asia (Shamen go between real and spirit world) • Began with Aryan (Near Iran) invaders and is the oldest of the major religions • No founder • Caste system established and priests are at the top of the social hierarchy • Like a ladder • Follow dharma (rules of your caste) next life determined by karma • Karma – what you do this life will determine your caste next life • Reincarnation- cycle of life and death • Moksha- release from the cycle of life and death • Hinduism keeps India together through different empires • Vedas and Upanishads sources of prayers that guide Hindus – Rig Veda – Baghavad Gita • Patriarchal – Sati – Women could not achieve moksha • Always will serve as a continuity in India (especially in the south) • Traveled to SE Asia- Angkor Wat (Malaysia) – On sea roads (600-1450) • Symbols include the endless knot and the wheel • Spawned out of Hinduism like Christianity out of Judaism – Reaction to Hinduism • Can reach nirvana in this life (anyone can) • Not about castes • Appeals to the poor • Founder was Siddhartha Gautama (6th century BCE) • Four Noble Truths– life is suffering – Suffering is caused by attachment to stuff and ppl – There is a way to end suffering – It is the Eightfold Path • Follow the Eightfold path-right conduct/meditation (being good and nice) • Nirvana (peace/bliss)- comparable to Moksha in Hinduism • Appealed especially to the poor since nirvana could be achieved in one lifetime • Offers a monastic life for men and women (like Christianity) • Universalizing Religion (like Christianity and Islam) – Easily adapted to other cultures • Monastic (like Christianity) – monks and nuns – Escape society to worship • Split Theravada (old, monks) (lesser vehicle) and Mahayana (new, all people) (greater vehicle) • Ashoka- spread Buddhism and kept it from dying out • Silk Road spread Buddhism to China and on to Korea and Japan • Also spread to Southeast Asia- Angkor Wat (both Hindu and Buddhist) 600 BCE to 600 CE: Belief Systems, Part 2 • China • Confucianism • Developed during the Warring State period – Need to bring order during this time • Emphasis on education, respect, reciprocity, virtue and order • Filial (family) piety (respect) – Respect for elders, respect a child should show for parents – Five Relationships: Mutual respect keeps both in harmony • Superior and inferior • Ruler to ruled, Father to Son, Husband to Wife, Elder brother to younger brother, friend to friend – Gov and dads love it • Embraced by governments as ruler superior to ruled • Civil Service Exam based on Confucian Analects – Government bureaucracy based on merit – Allowed for the possibility of social mobility • Patriarchal society develops as a husband superior to wife – Eventually see foot binding • Eventually combines with Buddhism to form Neo-Confucianism during the Tang dynasty • Daoism (Yin Yang) – Founder Laozi – Harmony with nature (escape to the forest!) – Influence on Chinese culture with chemists, botanists and astronomers • Legalism – Philosophy of Shi Huangdi and Qin dynasty (221BCE) • Terra cotta warriors and great wall • Axial Age – means “pivot” or “turning point” – Confucius, Buddha, Socrates and Laozi all around the same time • Jesus around 400 years after these thinkers • Mohammed around 1000 years after these thinkers • • • • • Middle East Judaism (Star of David) First great monotheistic faith Influenced Christianity and Islam Covenant with God – Contract says Jews are His special people • Founder Abraham • Follow the laws of Moses in the Torah • Not universal because it stays in the same area • Christianity • Developed out of Judaism • Jesus – Crucified under the Roman Empire • Universalizing religion (like Buddhism and Islam) • Offers a monastic lifestyle (like Buddhism) • Most populous religion today • Spread of Christianity – Paul, Roman roads, Roman dominance – Spread through Mediterranean world through trade, war, migration • Roman Empire embraces Christianity • Constantine issued the Edict of Milan (stopped persecution) • Theodosius makes it official religion in 380 CE • Too late to save and unify Rome • Western Rome falls in 476 CE, Christianity will be a continuity in Europe (like Hinduism in India) • Christianity keeps Western Europe together through Dark Ages 600 BCE to 600 CE: Trade Networks • Interactions of the Classical period (Silk Roads, Sea Roads and Sand Roads) • Silk Road • Three Golden Ages of the Silk Road – Started with the Rome and Han – Tang/Song in China with the Abbasid dynasty – Pax Mongolica • Silk a wanted commodity throughout the silk road • Facilitates diffusion of disease, technology, beliefs and ideas – Buddhism from India to China • Indian Ocean (Sea Roads) • Route linked India, East Africa, Middle East, Southeast Asia and China in flourishing trade – Arab merchants and India early leaders of the trade • No motors for boats – Knowledge of the monsoon winds vital – Lateen sail • Silk, salt, metals and spices a trading continuity • Diffusion of beliefs – Hinduism and Buddhism to Southeast Asia • Trans-Saharan (Sand Roads) • Camel (ship of the desert) in first century BCE significant • Camel saddle in 300s CE greatly increases trade across the Saharan • Trade connects Sub-Saharan Africa with North Africa and Mediterranean • Mediterranean – Carthage, Phoenicians, Greeks, Berbers, Romans and Egyptians all traded • Sub-Saharan – Bantus inspire trade – Connect Sub-Saharan Africa with East Africa and the Indian Ocean • Americas – Trade during this time is limited and is regional unlike AfroEurasian world – Vertical unlike Afro-Eurasia (Horizontal) • Different crops • Crops can’t spread north to south as easily • Mountains, climates, bad times • Review • Rise and fall of classical empires – China- Qin/Han, India- Mauryan/Gupta, Mediterranean- Persian/Greek/Roman, AmericasMayans • Compare Rome, Han and Gupta • Development of world belief systems – Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism, Judaism and Christianity • Trade Routes • Silk Road, Indian Ocean, and Trans-Saharan Unit 3.1 • • • • • • Why 600? Islam bursts on the scene End of the Post Classical Era Trade dramatically increases Why 1450? Cut off before the world becomes globally connected – European exploration • Big Picture snapshots of this time period • Trade increases on the Silk Road, Indian Ocean and Trans Saharan – Silk, Sand, Sea • Technology increases trade – Saddles, ships, gold • Trade impacts new cities (Swahili City States, Timbuktu) – Major cities are made by trade • • • • Calicut Malacca Tenochtitlan Baghdad • Islam dramatically effects history – Consider the breadth of the empire • Mongols – Largest land empire in history • Western Europe turns feudal and is compared to feudal Japan – Decentralized • Byzantine Empire – Highly centralized • China and its second golden age (Sui, Tang, Song dynasties) • Aztec and Inca comparison in the Americas – Not connected to global trade – Will receive the Europeans • Mali in Africa • Oceana – Polynesian migrations • • • • • • • • • Catalysts of Change during this time period Catalyst = something that causes a change Islam Schism in Christianity Manufacturing in Song China Chinese and Middle Eastern technology Mongols Camels Black Death • • • • • Comparisons Justinian Code/Hammurabi’s Code Aztecs/Incas Turks/Vikings/Mongols Eastern/Western world development 600 to 1450 CE: Islam, Part 1 • Islam symbol (crescent moon) • Monotheistic religion like Judaism and Christianity – Super-monotheistic – Challenges Christianity as being really monotheistic • Accepts Abraham, Moses and Jesus as prophets – Accepts prophets of the past (Jesus was a prophet) • Joins Buddhism and Christianity as a universalizing religion (easily adapted to other cultures) • Islam means “submission” – Muslim means “one who submits” • Started by Muhammad (600s) • Place of worship: Mosque • Holy book: Koran • Five Pillars – Prayer (5 times) – Fasting during Ramadan (Holy month) – Give charity – Confess there is one God • Make trip to Mecca (Pilgrimage) – Moves people to a new place – Makes lots of interactions – Mansa Musa from Mali (Africa) • Goes to Mecca and gives tons of gold • Turns Mali (Timbuktu) into a great Muslim learning city – Ibn Battuta (Morocco) • Went to Mecca, all over Muslim areas • Can compare him to Marco Polo • By 711, (80 years) Islam reaches both India and Spain – Think of how far that is • Spread by merchants, missionaries and conquering due to weaker surrounding areas • Dar Al Islam • House of Islam – Islam is not just in one area, the house is everywhere • Territory of Islam includes the Middle East, North Africa and Spain • When Muhammad dies, Abu Bakr is named Caliph (in charge of Muslim religion and government) – Ali becomes Caliph – Sunni (majority) Muslims must select the next Caliph – Shia (minority) Caliph must be related to Muhammad • Spread to Southeast Asia by Indian Ocean trade – Indonesia is the most populated Muslim country in the world today • Islam is a perfect example of religious diffusion 600 to 1450 CE: Islam, Part 2 • Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE) • First Islamic Dynasty • Islam expands and the capital is Damascus – Spiritual capital is always Mecca • All Islamic areas share Arabic Language • • • • • • • Jizya is a tax on non-Muslims used in Islamic empires “Head tax” Shows religious tolerance Al-Andalus: Means “Islamic Spain” Spanish Muslims = “Moors” Mosque at Cordoba, Spain great example of diffusion of culture • Center of Islamic learning with free education, medicine and preservation of Greek and Roman learning • Later turned into a Christian church • Really good example of diffusion • Charles Martel defeated Muslims at the Battle of Tours – Islam was moving through Spain and into France – What if Muslims won? • Would you be Muslim today? • Followed by the Reconquista – Catholic Church made all Jews and Muslims get out of Spain – Very different than Jizya, right? • Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 CE) • Golden Age of Islam • Capital moves to Baghdad – Other major cities • Cordoba, Spain and Cairo, Egypt • Trade flourishes on Silk Road • Credit used by merchants – Bills, receipts – Helps trade grow • Abbasid = Trading and Learning • Accomplishments include: Arabic numerals, advancements in algebra, geometry and trigonometry, perfection of the astrolabe, astronomical observatories, optic surgery, medical encyclopedias, and literature like the Arabian Nights. • Arabesques – Mosques use of geometric patterns – No pictures – Never pictures of Muhammad (against Koran) • Mosques – 4 minarets • Towers where someone goes to the top and calls for prayer five times a day • • • • Sufis Mystical Muslims Mix of Islam w/ tribal religions Spread a lot of Islam • Women in Islam • Better treatment under the Quran – Equal protection under religion – Not like Hinduism (women not getting moksha) • Society takes a lot of those protections away – Harem, 4 wives, – Veiling – Show patriarchal society • End unit 3 part 1 3.2 600 to 1450 CE: Byzantine Empire and Western Europe, Part 1 • • • • Byzantine Empire Eastern part of the Roman Empire Why split? Too big to rule Other part is Holy Roman Empire – West falls to the Goths (476) • East will survive until 1453 • Justinian (Most important Byzantine Emperor) – Gotta compare Justinian’s Code to Hammurabi’s • Influenced later law codes – Builds Hagia Sophia (church) • Converted to mosque by Muslims • Started making silk – Outside of China • Well defended by walls, forts • Highly centralized while western Europe is very decentralized • 1054 Holy Roman Church splits with Byzantine Church (Great Schism) – Because of icons used by Byzantine Church – Becomes the Eastern Orthodox Church – Compare Schism to Sunni/Shia split and Catholic/Protestant split (Luther) • Eastern Orthodox Church – Icons – Bible in vernacular – Priests could marry • Compare all of that to Luther • Huge influence on Russia – EO moves to Russia after Muslims take over – Moscow becomes “Third Rome” (After Rome and Constantinople) • Western Europe • Decentralized – Roman Empire never comes back • Charlemagne tries in 800, fails • Stays completely divided into separate countries • Compare to India/China • Franks most powerful group to emerge – Charles Martel stopped Muslims at Tours • Charlemagne’s grandpa • Charlemagne attempts to bring back the Roman Empire in the 800s. – Can't control the land • Loose connection • • • • • Comparison of European and Japanese feudalism: Knight/Samurai Chivalry/Bushido Lords/Daimyo Women in Europe mainly midwives and healers/ Some Japanese Samurai – European women were damsels in distress, in the home • SEPPUKU! (Hari-kiri) – ritual suicide if you dishonor the daimyo • Chivraly only for knights, bushido for men and women 600 to 1450 CE: Byzantine Empire and Western Europe, Part 2 • Western Europe – Decentralized government but centralized religion • Glue that holds it together • Gothic Architecture – Tall spires, flying buttresses, stained glass • Pointing up to God, look @ heaven • Churches – Places of learning • Not allowed to dissect like Muslims – Banned by Church • Vikings: • From Scandinavia, (Norway, Sweden) raided coastal areas not large urban centers • Use of longships to raid coastal areas – They were sea-fairing – Longship with dragon head on front • End up converting to Christianity and become docile • William the Conqueror 1066 – Viking that took over England • Crusades: • Catholic Church wants to get the Muslims out of Holy Lands – After 1054 Schism • Wants to show that the Church was powerful and together • Wouldn't let Muslims hurt the Church like EO did • Won the first Crusade, lost all the others • Began in 1095 CE, tried but failed to bring unity to the Christian world • Lasting impact was the return of knowledge from the Middle East to Europe – Antiquity works – Astrolabe, compass – Will spark the Renaissance • Black Death: • Began in China and spread through trade routes – Silk Roads • Big part of spreading disease • Mongols played a big part • Killed 1/3 of European population (circa 1348 CE) • Collapses feudalism because serfs become more valuable • Nation states develop: • England: William the Conqueror -1066 , Magna Carta -1215 and Parliament – King can’t raise taxes w/o consent of ppl • Germany and Italy are city-states (NOT COUNTRIES UNTIL 1880s) • France: 100 Years War – ENG v. FR over ENG taking FR land • FR wins w/ help of Joan of Arc • Spain: Ferdinand and Isabella, Reconquista and their use of Catholicism – Country completely based on religion • Russia: Mongol Horde eventually lose power, Moscow emerges • Economics – Hanseatic League • North Sea (Atlantic) trading alliance of countries • Leads Netherlands and England to become strong due to trade • Reasons why Europe is lifted from the Middle Ages into the Renaissance – Gunpowder, longbow, Crusades, Marco Polo’s Travels, Black Death and the Printing press. 600 to 1450 CE: China • Spread of Buddhism from India to China, Korea and then to Japan • China: • Sui Dynasty (Grand Canal) • Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) – – – – – – Expands Chinese territory Kowtow shows Chinese dominance over places like Korea Second Golden Age of the Silk Road Letters of Credit (Flying money) Gunpowder developed Champa rice from Vietnam fuels population surge • Song Dynasty: • Iron manufacturing makes China manufacturing giant of the world at this time • Largest cities in the world • Golden Age of innovation with the compass and printing • Neo-Confucianism combines both Buddhism and Confucianism • Foot binding shows patriarchal society • Yuan Dynasty – Mongol rule in China (prejudice towards the Chinese ) • Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 CE) – Kicked out the Mongols and Chinese culture reemerges • Japan – Shinto – Feudal Japan and Feudal Europe comparison – Shogun held all the power while the Emperor was a figurehead • India – Delhi Sultanate • Islamic rule in Northern India – Hinduism remains a constant especially in Southern India 600 to 1450 CE: The Mongols • Mongol Must Know Information: – Largest continuous land empire in world history • Loss to Japan (tsunami) in East – JPN never attacked again until 1945 – Thought gods protected them with Kamikaze (Divine Winds) • Ogedei died in Austria in West – All Mongols have to return to Mongolia to choose new Khan • Nomadic and pastoral – Stunts Mongol culture (religion, written language etc) – Because w/o crops, culture is harder to foster – Think of culture as flowers growing in a garden • No garden = no flowers • Facilitated the 3rd Golden Age of the Silk Road (Pax Mongolica) – Mongol peace • Religiously tolerant • Government = meritocracy – High positions come from good works, (nepotism) not who you know • Mongol Khanates – Golden Horde- Russia – China- Yuan dynasty • Forbade the Chinese from marrying Mongols and learning the Mongol language • Important Mongols • Genghis Khan (Chinggis) – Started it – Kahn means “Ruler of the universe” • Ogedei Khan – Genghis’ son – Died in Austria • Kublai Khan – Genghis’ grandson – Focused on taking China • Yuan Dynasty • Receives Marco Polo • 600 to 1450 CE: Africa • Two areas where Christianity remained in Africa was Egypt and Ethiopia – Coptic Christianity • Remember gold and salt as the major products of Africa – Salt for flavor and to replenish your body from sweating • See, it’s hot in Africa and you sweat a lot. • East Africa – Swahili is a mixture of Bantu and Arabic language – Swahili city states thrived due to trade (gold, salt, ivory) • Kilwa, Mombasa, Sofala, Mozambique • Trans Saharan trade – Camel saddle in the 300s CE and the motivation of gold accelerated trade • Sub Saharan Africa – Bantu migrations • Iron technology, farming techniques, influence of language • Stateless societies (kinship groups) – Civilizations w/o formal governments (IMPORTANTE`!) • Diffusion of bananas from Malaysia increases population – Major food • Ghana – Islam and Gold • Mali – Sundiata – Mansa Musa (pilgrimage) – Mosque at Jenne-Jenno • Songhai – Sonni Ali (Founder) – Took large area – Took Timbuktu 600 to 1450 CE: The Americas & Oceania • Americas – Llama: only large domesticated beast of burden • Kept Americas from large scale agriculture and trade – Plows, transportation • Lack of agriculture stunts culture growth – See Mongols • Maya (1000 BCE – 1500CE) – Very southern Mexico and Guatemala – Warring city states – Major cities – Tikal and Chichen Itza • Aztec (1200 – 1500) – – – – Capital Tenochtitlan Central Mexico (Mexico City) Expansionistic, warriors prized Very capitalistic • Trade encouraged by government • Few trade restrictions – Chinampas showed agriculture advancement • Floating gardens in lakes • Like growing plants on lily pads – Like Mongols, collected tribute from conquered groups • • • • Incas (1200 – 1500) In Peru Major city: Machu Picchu No written language (Quipu instead) – Like Mongols • Terrace farming – Because the land was mountains • • • • Expansionistic Established a bureaucracy unlike the Aztecs State controlled all commerce (communistic) Like Romans, built many roads and bridges • Oceania – Polynesian migrations (600 CE) • Fiji, Tahiti, Hawaii and New Zealand – People migrating around these areas – Not connected to the rest of the world • Agricultural and fishing based • Regional kingdoms established Unit 4.1 1450 to 1750 CE: Intro • Why 1450? – Printing press invented, Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks, America enters the global world (Columbian Exchange) • Why 1750 CE? – Cut off right before impact of the Industrial Revolution – Cut off right before major world revolutions based on Enlightenment principles • Big Picture Events: • The Old World (Afro-Eurasia) and New World become connected – Columbian Exchange • China withdrawals from the world and becomes isolationists – Zheng He expeditions stopped in 1433/ Ming policy shift • Europe comes back strong and becomes the – Renaissance, exploration and powerful maritime empires (Portugal, Spain, England and the Dutch) • Maritime empires dominate over land based empires • Labor systems are transformed – Indentured servants, encomiendas, mita system and African slaves • Gunpowder empires emerge and then weaken – Ottomans, Mughals, Safavids • Byzantine empire falls to Ottoman Turks and Russia emerges • Europe becomes the most dominant region • Reasons why Europe emerges from the Middle Ages – Gunpowder, longbow, Crusades, Marco Polo, Black Death and printing press • Renaissance (influence of Ancient Greece and Rome) – Humanism – Art (Perspective, emotions, individuality, realism, bright colors) • Michelangelo (David, Sistine Chapel), Da Vinci (Mona Lisa), Raphael (School of Athens) – Literature • Paper learned from Arabs who learned it from Chinese (Talas River) • Shakespeare – Queen Elizabeth strong patron of the arts – Comparison: Shakespeare with Cervantes (Don Quixote) and Journey to the west written in Ming Dynasty (1500’s) European Exploration • European Exploration – Diffusion of technology from China and the Middle East • Magnetic compass, sternpost rudder, lateen sail, more accurate maps, the astrolabe • Better shipbuilding with the caravel – Compare European caravel to the gigantic Ming Treasure Ship • Motivation: • Fall of Constantinople (1453 CE) to the Ottoman Turks – Europe needed to find a way to the riches of the East without paying the taxes of the Ottoman • middle men • Religion – Reconquista in Spain with Ferdinand and Isabella – Strong Catholic missionary thrust • Especially after the Protestant Reformation (1517) • Wealth (Trade) – Silk (China), spices (India and Southeast Asia), gold • Why did China not dominate? – They did from 1405-1433 under Zheng He (Ming Dynasty) – Confucian scholars convinced the Ming emperor to end exploration and turn attention inward (Great Wall built and China becomes isolationist) • Portugal first to dominate in exploration – Prince Henry, Dias (Cape of Good Hope) – DaGama (1497) around Africa reaches Indian Ocean – Portugal takes out the Swahili City States (cannons) • Spain – Location, size and newly united nation state under Catholicism – Columbus 1492 connects Old World and New World • Columbian Exchange • Environmental and demographic (population) changes – Transfer of diseases, plants, animals and people • From Old World (Afro-Eurasia) to New World (Americas) – Small pox, sugar, bananas, rice, horses, pigs, cattle, chicken – Only large beast of burden in America was the llama • From New World (Americas) to Old World (AfroEurasia) – Syphilis, tomatoes, potatoes, chocolate, maize, chili peppers, manioc, tobacco • Columbian exchange of food led to higher world population – China introduced to sweet potatoes, peanut – Africa introduced to manioc • Despite the slave trade taking 16 million Africans during the 16th-19th centuries, the population of Africa increases significantly • Small pox the largest epidemic by percentage in world history • Due to the introduction of sugar to Americasneed for workers and forced migration of African slaves resulted • Labor systems • Indentured servants from Europe at first • Encomienda system (Spanish labor system put in place in the Americas) • Mita system borrowed by Spanish from Incan system already in place (Potosi silver mine) • Slavery (From 1500-1800’s, 16 million slaves taken from West Africa) – 90% of slaves going to Latin America (sugar plantations) • Religion spreads – Jesuits – Christianity to the Americas • Brazil (Christ the Redeemer), Mexico • Global Flow of silver • Potosi mine (Bolivia) • Silver going back to Spain caused inflation in Europe (Price Revolution) • Most of the silver used to purchase Chinese goods (silk, porcelain) – Ming Dynasty hordes silver (causes inflation in China) • Spanish Manila Galleons Spanish Empire in America • Spanish Empire • Treaty of Tordesillas divides New World between Spain and Portugal • Overseas maritime empire united by Catholicism – Cortez (conquers Aztecs with the aid of smallpox, horses, guns, steel weapons and the Native Americans that allied against the Aztecs) – Pizarro (conquers Incas in 1533 in the same manner as Cortez) • Encomienda system • Mita system (Peru) • Social hierarchy in Latin America – – – – – Penisulares (born in Iberian peninsula) Creoles (European parents born in Americas) Mestizos (mix between European parent and indigenous parent) Mulattos (mix between European parent and African parent) Indigenous and slave • Mix between African parent and indigenous parent (Zambos) • Eventually Creoles will kick out the Penisulares in Latin American revolutions and take their place at the top of the social hierarchy • English – North America • Compare race relations with indigenous vs. Spanish Americas • Much more confrontational and less mixed than Spanish Americas • Dutch – Spice Islands (Dutch East India company) • Triangle Trade – Guns to Africa for slaves, Slaves to Americas for sugar, Sugar to Europe for money to start the process again • Mercantilism – Raw materials provided by colonies to produce manufactured goods in the mother country sold back to the colonies Unit 4.2 Gunpowder Empires • Ottoman Empire – Osman founder (united Turkish tribes) – Mehmet knocks out the Byzantine Empire in 1453 CE • Fall of Constantinople (later renamed Istanbul) • Hagia Sophia converted to mosque • Suleiman the Magnificent – Patron of the arts and Ottoman empire at its height – Used civil service exams and had a skilled bureaucracy • Control of trade forced Europeans to find new routes to the East • Strong army in the beginning – Janissaries and the process of recruiting them (devshirme) • Culturally diverse empire yet religiously tolerant – Jizya- tax on non-Muslims but able to keep religion • • • • • Mughal Empire Unified India after the Delhi sultanate Islamic rule in a majority Hindu India Babur was the founder Akbar the Great most famous Mughal ruler – Religiously tolerant- got rid of the jizya – Outlawed sati and allowed widows to remarry • Shah Jahan – Built the Taj Mahal (Islamic architecture in India) • Warfare and lack of central authority led British to take over • Safavid Empire – Buffer between Mughals and Ottomans – Lost to Ottomans at the Battle of Chaldiran – Shia Islam and its impact today China • • • • China Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Replaced Yuan dynasty (Mongols) Brought back the Civil Service examinations, Confucian principles and Chinese culture • Sponsored 7 expeditions of Zheng He (dominated the Indian Ocean) – Ming fleet technologically superior • Reversal of policy due to Confucian scholars – Zheng He expeditions stopped in 1433 (China turns inwards) • Emperor seen as “Son of Heaven” – Emperors often grew lazy in the Forbidden City • Peasant uprising and piracy weakened Ming – Put down by Manchus who then replaced the Ming in 1644 • Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) – Comparison to Mongols (forbid Chinese to learn language and marry) – Civil Service examinations expanded – Controlled trade (Canton only port open to European trade) • Tea, silk and porcelain traded for silver • Japan – Tokugawa Japan • Tokugawa ended fighting in feudal Japan • Centralized authority in Japan – Capital in Edo (Tokyo) • By 1640, only Dutch and China allowed in Nagasaki • Emperor “reigned but did not rule” as shogun held the power • Africa • Songhai Empire – Founded by Sunni Ali, Islamic, Timbuktu center of learning, traded gold and salt – Fell to Moroccans with muskets • Kongo – Converted to Catholicism to enhance trade with Portugal – King Afonso I • Catholic King who wrote a letter to the King of Portugal to end slave trade in Kongo – Kongo eventually destroyed • Angola – Set up as a slave colony by the Portuguese – Queen Nzinga resisted Portuguese control but overcome by superior weapons • Swahili City States – East African city states controlled by the Portuguese with canons Russia • Russia emerges • Peter the Great – Westernization • Capital Peterhof modeled after Versailles, western math and science, modernized the navy, western clothes and fashion • Catherine the Great – Proclaims Russia a western nation • Serfdom continues until next time period – Serfdom abolished in 1861 comparable to the US slavery (1865) • European Nation States develop maritime (sea based) empires • Portugal – slave trade, sugar plantation (Brazil), control of Swahili city states and Indian Ocean • Spain – Reconquista under Ferdinand and Isabella, unify behind Catholicism, slave trade, control in Latin America (encomiendas and mita) • France – North America • England – Colonization of North America, mercantilism system brings wealth and power • Netherlands (Dutch) – Banking and Business/Worked to monopolize the spice trade in Southeast Asia – VOC (Dutch East India Company) • Cultural and Intellectual Changes in Europe • Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther, 1517) – Responsible for Anglican Church in England (Henry VIII) – Ignited the 30 Years War in Germany • Counter Reformation – Jesuits, Mateo Ricci in China, Strong missionary work in Latin America • Scientific Revolution – Europe gains a lead on Chinese and Muslim scholars • Copernicus, Galileo, Bacon, Harvey, Newton • Enlightenment – Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieu development of rights, freedoms and the role of governments – Thoughts lead to Revolutions of the next period: • American Revolution (1776), French (1789), Haitian (1804) Labor Systems • Labor Systems • Indentured Servants – Agricultural work, most from England • Encomienda system – Crown granted Native American workers to Spanish landowners (encomenderos) – Natives treated harshly and eventually replaced by African slaves • Mita system – System that was borrowed from the Incas by the Spanish – Forced but compensated Natives to work for Spanish primarily used in the mines of Potosi • Slavery • Europeans exported slaves from West Africa (replaced other labor systems) – 16 million slaves taken (12 million survived the Middle Passage) from 1500-1800 – 90% of the slaves end up in Latin America – Sugar plantations created the need (very harsh treatment) • Islamic slave trade exported millions from the East Coast of Africa • Effect in Africa – Women took on new roles, polygamy developed from loss of males • Population in Africa as a whole increased due to the high caloric food brought from the Columbian exchange (especially manioc) – Peasant Labor • Serfs made up a large labor force in Russia • Peasants make up a large labor force in China (silk production) • Indian workers produced cotton fabric • Comparisons – Elites in the world still held the power – Europeans supplanted culture in the Americas but different results seen in North America compared with Latin America (more multicultural mix) – Land (Russian, Ottoman) versus Maritime Empires (Spanish, English, Dutch) – Status of women virtually unchanged (exceptions of Isabella, Elizabeth, Catherine) – Ottomans and Mongols (rise, military, use of religion) – Reaction of countries to European expansion (India, China, Japan) Unit 5.1 • 1750 to 1900 CE: Intro • Why 1750? – Industrial Revolution – European Imperialism – Revolutions – based on Enlightenment principles • Why 1900? – Cut off before World War I – (Used to be 1914 (WWI)) • Big Picture snapshots of this time period –Top events of this time period are Industrial Revolution, Imperialism and Revolutions • Remember I, I and R –Must know specifics includes: • Opium War, Meiji Restoration, Simon Bolivar, Haitian Revolution and the Scramble for Africa –All examples of imperialism –The West dominates this time period • Industrial Revolution – Causes, political, economic and social effects – First is England > Western Europe > America > Russia (kinda) > Japan (Meiji) – 2 Industrial Revolutions • 1st- Coal, iron and steam • 2nd- Electricity, steel, oil and chemicals • Imperialism – Scramble for Africa – British in India • Chinese and Japanese reactions differ as a result of European imperialism – China falls to Europeans – Japan has state-sponsored industrialization, becomes a major world trader • Enlightenment thought leads to Revolution/End of slave trade – American, French, Haitian and Latin America • Economic theories develop – Capitalism (Adam Smith) vs. Communism (Karl Marx) • Major Changes – Spain and Portugal lose their empires while the Ottoman Empire becomes the “sick man of Europe” – Technologies develop in the fields of communication (telegraph), transportation (railroads) – Serf/Slave systems come to an end (Russia and America in the 1860’s) – Revolutions and independence movements (Haiti) – Major migrations to North and South America • Work, gold rushes, famine in home country • Major Comparisons – State sponsored industrialization of Japan, Russia and Egypt – Reactions of China and Japan to European imperialism – Qing and Ottomans resist change • Continuities – Majority of the world still rural – The strong control the weak • Economic Imperialism – Mercantilism, colonization, coerced labor • Industrial Revolution, Part 1 – Video 2 • • Greatest change in world history since the Neolithic Revolution • Effects felt in the following areas: – Family life – factories (dad at work, not on the farm) – Communication – Transportation – Trains, steam ships – Technology, environment, growth of cities, populations – Social classes – proletariat/bourgeoisie – Science, art. • Leads to: – Imperialism, war, migration, political philosophies (capitalism/communism) • Industrial Revolution in Great Britain – Why was Great Britain the first? • Natural resources (coal) • Stable government (that stays out of economy) • Government involvement in the economy can halt experimental attitude • Leads to entrepreneurial competition • Growing population • New foods, crop rotation, chemical fertilizers leads to big population growth • Compare to when China got champa rice from Vietnam • • • • • • • • • • • • Geography Metals, coal, rivers for steam power Cities grow – everyone in one place, diffusion of ideas Enclosure Acts – peasants moved off of formerly public land (fencing in) First time Great Britain has power in history By 1900, 90% of most populated cities in Europe/US James Watt and his steam engine Textile industry first Spinning Jenny (makes thread) Cotton Gin (deseeds cotton) India becomes a place for cotton to be harvested and a market to sell cotton for England Transportation impacted (steamboat, locomotive) • 1st Industrial Revolution was steam, coal and iron (1750 CE) • Interchangeable parts – Leads to mass production – Makes it easier • Transportation – Steamships • Allow for Europeans to go up the rivers into central Africa – Steam Locomotive – Transcontinental railroads in US and Russia • Moves from coal and steam to oil in Second IR • 2nd Industrial Revolution was oil, electricity, chemicals and steel (1850 CE) • Spread of Industrial Revolution from Great Britain to western Europe, America, Russia and Japan – US and Russia both build transcontinental railroads – US most powerful industrial nation at the end of this time period • Copied British industrialization • Government becomes pro-industry • Industrial North beats Agricultural South in Civil War • Industrial Revolution, Part 2 – Video 3 • • State sponsored Industrialization • Japan: Meiji Restoration – Embarrassed by US, Perry – Silk factories – Women workers • Egypt: Muhammed Ali – European advisors – Cotton industry • Russia: Sergei Witte and the transcontinental railroad – Slower industrialization – Shown in Russo-Japanese War (Japan wins, shocks world) • Other regions in the world become suppliers of goods and raw materials for the industrialized – Latin America (sugar, coffee, bananas, meat) • Argentina has a lot of beef • Guano (bat poop) fertilizer from Peru – Africa (palm oil, rubber, diamonds) • Palm oil – lubricant for machines – China – silk, porcelain, tea • Leads to imbalance of trade (all British silver going to China) • Result of Industrial Revolution • Financial (stock market, gold standard) – International standardized prices of gold • Transnational businesses (United Fruit company) – US owns land in Central America – sells fruit back to us (BANANA REPUBLIC_ • Social Effects (gap between rich and poor dramatically increases, family life altered, child labor, less kids than rural areas, cities become crowded and unsanitary) – Women as homemakers and factory workers – Bad conditions in Japanese silk factories for women – New Social Classes – Industrial working class (conflict between workers and owners (Marxism)) – Social status more determined by wealth than by family background • Unions, reforms, and mandatory schooling is initiated – Higher wages – Leisure time (theater, sports) – Weekends • Philosophies • Adam Smith and Capitalism (Wealth of Nations 1776) – Government stays out of economy – Lassiez faire – hands off • Karl Marx and Communism (Communist Manifesto 1848) – Workers will react and overthrow the bourgeoisie – Classless, stateless society – Government, and everything else is a way for the rich to keep the poor down – Luddites – protested industry, smashed equipment, hanged by government • Feminism (Wollstonecraft, Stanton and Seneca Falls Convention) – Wollstonecraft – equal education is key to equal rights – De Gouges – French Revolution left out women – Seneca Falls – US convention for equal rights, suffrage • Social Reforms – Universal compulsory education • Environment – Pollution • Transportation and communication developments – Steamships and railroads – Telegraph to telephone – Canals (Suez) • Connects Africa to Asia • Easier for Europe to get to Asia and East Africa – Panama (1910ish) • Advances in medicine like smallpox vaccines and sterilization made for longer life expectancy in industrialized world – Lower infant mortality rate • Nationalism becomes a strong force • Pride in your country (not a leader) • Started by Napoleon (pride of being French) – Caused the people he conquered to become nationalist against him • Napoleon, unification of Italy and Germany all contributed to intense pride – Nationalism is a big impact on unification • Germany’s nationalism is going to lead to WWI • France’s imperialism is going to lead to WWI • US Manifest Destiny – nationalism saying that US should be coast to coast • Austrian, Russian and Ottoman empires all very culturally diverse – Ottoman Empire loses some areas due to nationalism – Greece, parts of Russia – Keeps shrinking • Egypt – – – – Muhammad Ali – father of Modern Egypt Suez Canal Modeled after Britain Britain and France try to control Suez Canal, eventually nationalism makes Egypt take it back Unit 5.2 • Imperialism, Part 1 – Video 4 • • British empire largest empire of all time – “The sun never sets on the British empire” • Causes of imperialism • Search for raw materials and markets from the Industrial Revolution – India, England is example – Palm oil from Africa for machines – Rubber from Africa for tires • Nationalism and competition • Social Darwinism – Survival of the Fittest applied to races – some races are better than others and will industrialize – White Man’s Burden – poem saying it is the burden of the Europeans to civilize the barbarians – Superior attitude of European race • • • • Imperialism in India India the crown jewel of British empire Pattern of centralization followed by decentralization Turn over from Mughals to British – After Seven Years’ War/French and Indian War – British East India Company takes over trading in India • Need for pepper, spices leads British there • Sepoy Rebellion (1857) a reaction to British imperialism in India – rumor of pig/cow fat – Leads to the takeover of British government into India – Indians failed because Hindus/Muslims couldn’t get a long • British occupied the highest position in Indian society • Brought railway and telegraph lines to India – good for India, but put in place to maintain power • English official language (today, India has the 2nd most English speakers in the world) • Eventually an educated class of Indians start the Indian National Congress (1885) to rid India of British control – Western learning becomes a constant for independence movements – Haiti, India, Africa, Mexico, South America • Imperialism in China • China was amassing silver in exchange for their goods of silk, porcelain and especially tea – Didn’t want non-Chinese stuff • Qing Dynasty controls trade (only opens one port) • Britain tried to reverse this imbalance of trade by selling opium to China which caused the Opium war – Used steamships to enter China through India – Indians grew the Opium under British rule – Emperor writes letter to Queen Victoria to stop opium imports – Opium war was lost by China which resulted in unequal treaties and China being divided into spheres of influence by Europeans (places where they could trade) • More China – Example of economic imperialism – Took control of Hong Kong (keeps it until 1997) – Vietnam lost to French (French Indochina) • Spread of Christianity • Western tech massacres China (gunships through canals) • Major repercussion of them not industrializing • Chinese Reaction to Imperialism • White Lotus Rebellion (Buddhist rebellion over taxes) • Taiping rebellion – Almost took down Qing Dynasty – Most deaths in a war to-date (20 Million) • Self-Strengthening Movement – try to reform, modernize, industrialize, education – Too little too late (like Tanzimat Reforms) • Boxer Rebellion – Killing outsiders, Japanese, Europeans – Rad boxers who could punch bullets out of the sky – Took 5 countries to stop them • Eventually foreign intervention will bring about the end of the Qing dynasty in 1911 – Foot binding banned – Civil service exam banished – Corruption – Tax evasion – Will lead to the republic taking over and ending 4000 years of dynastic rule • Revolutions – Video 5 • • Enlightenment thought led to revolutions and the eventual elimination of slavery – Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke and Montesquieu – Natural Rights (life, liberty and property) – job of the government is to protect these rights – American Revolution (elites still in power) – inspired other revolutions • Revolutions are in the name of the poor, but the elites keep power • French Revolution – Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen similar to Declaration Independence – Both did not give women rights – King Louis XVI is executed – Much bloodier revolution than American – Reign of Terror – Robespierre killing dissentors (1000s dead) – Led to rise of Napoleon – leads to French nationalism and nationalism of enemies – Latin American countries used Napoleon’s drama in Europe as a time to start revolutions – Napoleonic code • Haitian Revolution – Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture – overthrew the French – Inspired by enlightenment thinkers (L’Ouveture read owner’s books) – Only successful slave revolt in the history of the world – First revolution in Latin America – 1804: a free republic with a constitution was established – French loss in Haiti led to the sale of Louisiana Purchase • Latin American Independence (Spain and Portugal lose their empires) • Napoleon causing trouble in Spain and Portugal, leads to revolutions in colonies • Social pyramid consisted of peninsulares at the top, then creoles, mestizos, mulattoes, indigenous and finally slaves • Latin American Revolutions replaced the peninsulares with the creoles • Elites remain in power • Women gain no rights • Simon Bolivar (The Liberator) – Educated on enlightened ideas – Used military to free Gran Columbia (Columbia, Ecuador and Venezuela) from Spanish rule – Saw himself as the George Washington of South America – Jamaica Letter – justifies independence from Spanish (like Declaration of Independence) • Jose San Martin (Creole liberator of southern South America) – Followed Bolivar’s example • Pedro II – King fled from Portugal to Brazil – Son, declared Brazilian independence from Portugal – Makes Brazil more stable than other Latin countries, gets a Republic • Mexican independence from Spanish in 1821 – Father Hidalgo – El Grito de Delores – Landowning elites follow him to get Spanish out • All Latin Independence movements are more about independence than freedom – Elites keep power, poor still poor – Economies remain dependent on Europe – Export economies • Migrations – Video 6 • • Reasons for migrations: • high population regions (China, India, Japan) to less populated regions • Work is offered in less population areas • Revolutions, persecutions, famine (Irish potato), need for agricultural workers after elimination of slavery (Sugar plantations in Caribbean), gold rushes (Australia and Alaska) • Seasonal workers – Italians in Argentina, Japanese in Pacific • Jews are persecuted • Travel is much easier (steam ships) • Slavery ending leads to need for low-paid workers • Gold rushes in Russia, California • Italians in Argentina and Japanese in the Pacific • Effects of migrations: – America as a melting pot, Chinese culture in Southeast Asia, North and South America, Italian culture in Argentina – Chinese Exclusion Act in America and White Australian Act of 1901 • Spain and Portugal lose their empires – Britain and France become the biggest empires in Indian Ocean • Ottoman Empire is “the sick man of Europe” – Reforms: • Tanzimat reforms (movement towards constitutional government, banks, railroad) ended in 1876 • Too little too late • Young Turks (western educated, sought nationalistic reform) • Overthrow Ottoman Empire during WWI • Qing dynasty resists change and falls (1911) – Stays agricultural – Corruption – High taxes on poor, low on rich • Aggressive West Passive Rest! – Japan is the exception • Change: – Industrial Revolution, technologies, revolutions, end of serfdom in Russia and slavery in America • Continuity – Africa and its resources are controlled, the West is aggressive, majority of the world is still rural, elites remain in power • Comparisons: – Chinese and Japanese differing responses to European imperialism – State sponsored industrialization in Japan, Egypt and Russia – Russia and US comparisons (slavery, transcontinental railroad) Unit 6 Review from Getafive Unit 6.1 • Video 1 – 1900 CE to Present: Intro • Why 1900? • The cut off right before the build-up of World War I – Used to be 1914 (start of WWI) • New technologies, sciences and the modern age – Cars mass produced – Airplanes – Radio • • • • Video 2 - World War I Causes of WWI Imperialism, Nationalism, Militarism, Alliances Imperialism – Fighting for land to take (Africa, Asia, islands) – Once its all taken, they take from the other takers • Nationalism – Pride in your country, need for self-rule – Austria-Hungary, Serbia • Miliatrism – Rapid building up of military – Happens because of fears of others’ powers – Easy to do because of the new technology (industrial revolution) • Maxim Gun (machine gun) • Alliances • European countries unite, making an attack on one an attack on all • Immediate cause • Assassination of Franz Ferdinand (AH) and his wife • Hanging out in a part of AH that was just taken from Serbia • Killed by nationalist terrorist, Gavrillo Princip of the Black Hand • The War (1914-1918) • Trench warfare, new weaponry (machine gun, submarine, tank) – Trench foot – Mustard Gas – Barbed wire – Tanks – Machine gun – Submarines (by Germany) • Trench Warfare – Conditions in the trenches were poor, and common infections included dysentery, typhus, and cholera. – Many soldiers suffered from parasites and related infections. – Poor hygiene also led to fungal conditions, such as trench mouth and trench foot. – Another common killer was exposure, since the temperature within a trench in the winter could easily fall below freezing • Mustard Gas (Yperite) was first used by the German Army in September 1917. It was one of the most lethal of all the poisonous chemicals used during the war. It was almost odourless and took twelve hours to take effect. Yperite was so powerful that only small amounts had to be added to high explosive shells to be effective. Once in the soil, mustard gas remained active for several weeks. The skin of victims of mustard gas blistered, the eyes became very sore and they began to vomit. Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane. This was extremely painful and most soldiers had to be strapped to their beds. It usually took a person four or five weeks to die of mustard gas poisoning. One nurse, Vera Brittain, wrote: "I wish those people who talk about going on with this war whatever it costs could see the soldiers suffering from mustard gas poisoning. Great mustard-coloured blisters, blind eyes, all sticky and stuck together, always fighting for breath, with voices a mere whisper, saying that their throats are closing and they know they will choke." • Soldiers from colonies fought (India, Australia, Africa) – Gives natives an opportunity to see “the world” and get a western education – Some will return to run out their colonizers • British convince the Arabs to unite against Ottomans (Lawrence of Arabia) • Nationalism in Turkey • Russia withdrawals due to Russian Revolution/ US enters and dominates! • Effects • Treaty of Versailles – ends the war – Austria Hungary separated, Germany needed to pay reparations, League of Nations created – Germany had to admit guilt for starting the war and pay for the entire war • The government in charge of Germany stinks, and thinks it can print tons of money to pay the debt after the stock market crashes • This causes ultra inflation (1 US dollar = 1,000,000,000,000 marks) – This will make Hitler angry and you wouldn’t like him when he’s angry. • President Woodrow Wilson (14 Points) calls for self-determination inspires decolonization movements – Self-determination – when a country creates its own government • Example: Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh) – Should be ruled by Vietnamese, not French – League of Nations – a treaty group created by Wilson to stop a war from happening again. It doesn’t work, hence the name World War II. • Women in west get the right to vote – Because they help in the factories while the men are at war • Happens in US in WWI • Other countries in WWII • Ottoman empire gone – Ataturk overthrows sultan and becomes first president of Turkey • • • • • Super example of nationalism Becomes secularized Western legal code Democratic government Pretty weird in the Middle East, even for today • Disillusionment with war – People are pro-war before WWI – After, they see the realities of it – Books and art show how horrible it can be (Guernica) • Mandate system in place in the Middle East: • Set up so Middle East countries are controlled by European countries • France in Syria and Lebanon • Britain in Palestine, Jordan and Iraq – Can you see even more building drama between the West and the Middle East? • France also takes Vietnam back (French Indochina) • More West v. Vietnam drama brewing – Goes all the way back to the Crusades • Between the Wars – Notion that WWI, interwar period and WWII are one big war – Boom in the 1920s/ Worldwide depression in the 1930s • US stock market crashes, makes world stock market crash – Because US lent money to Germany, other European countries to pay war debt – Everyone defaults on their loans • US tries to fix the economy with FDR and the New Deal – Government gets really involved in the economy – Creates a welfare system – Social Security – Government work and unemployment programs • Reorganized governments: – Fascism in Italy (Mussolini) and Germany (rise of Hitler) • Extreme nationalism • Usually about restoring some past glory – Italy with ancient Rome – Germany with the Holy Roman Empire (Third Reich) • The good of the country is more important than the good of the individual • Government can take rights away from individuals if it serves a purpose • Facis (bundle of sticks) are the handle of the axe • Other reorganized governments • Weimar Republic in Germany (put in place by the allies) – Super weak, screws up the great depression – Leads to the need for a strong leader, AKA the Hitler • Mussolini in Italy – Wants to restore the power of ancient Rome – Takes back Ethiopia (past loss) • Japan becomes an aggressor – Invades Manchuria (northeast China) in 1931 • Is this really when WWII began? – Invades China in 1937 (Rape of Nanking) • Why China hates Japan even today. • Increased Wartime Casualties • The Rape of Nanjing • Chinese massacre during the Second Sino (Chinese) - Japanese War in 1937. • 250,000 to 300,000 Chinese civilians and unarmed soldiers were killed by the Japanese Imperial Army. • Widespread rape and looting also occurred. JPN Empire map 1932-1942 • Japan is acting like Hitler without the antiSemitism and the mustaches –Mukden Incident • JPN soldiers dressed as CHN attacked railway in Manchuria (Northeast China) –Uses French Indochina (Vietnam) for oil and iron • US threatened sanctions Know your WWII Charismatic Evil Villains! Lenin/Stalin (USSR) Mussolini – Italy Hitler: Germany Hirohito Japan • A. World War I and World War II were the first “total wars.” • Total war = entire country is part of the war – Factories making weapons – Women sewing uniforms – Children collecting cans to donate to war effort – War bonds = giving money to gov for the war, will be paid back in ten years • Governments used all resources for war – Forced conscription = “the draft” – Propaganda (radio, television, film, posters) – Colonial holdings • Africans, Indians forced to fight in WWI – Pushed nationalism, communism and socialism as reasons to fight Unit 6.2 • Video 3 - World War II • When did WWII begin? – Asian answer: When Japan invaded Manchuria – European answer: When Hitler takes Poland – American answer (correct answer): When Japan bombed Pearl Harbor • Policy of appeasement towards German aggression – Appease a baby with a pacifier – Because no one wants to go to war again – Nevel Chamberlain – Letting Hitler take some Russian land means “peace for our time”. • He’s an idiot • Hitler invades Poland (1939) – Axis (bad guys) and Allies (good guys) – Uses blitzkrieg (planes bombing and tanks on the ground for cleanup) – Steamrolls through France • Hitler and Stalin had a non-aggression pact – Hitler breaks pact and invades the Soviet Union – Now Germany is fighting on two fronts • France to the east, Russia to the west – Russia wins by retreating, just like they did with Napoleon • Pearl Harbor – Sleeping giant is awakened – Brings US into the war against both Germany and Japan • b/c Germany and Japan have a pact • D-Day – The turning point in WWII – Allies storm the beaches in France, take it back and march to Hitler in Germany • Pacific – Allies firebomb Tokyo – FDR is dead, so Truman decides to use the A Bomb instead of invading Japan • Thought it would last forever and more would die – Only two atomic bombs ever dropped (roast) – The Bomb • Truman takes over when FDR dies. Decides whether to use the nuke or not. • JPN invasion would be hard. JPN fortified their main islands. • First bomb “little boy” over Hiroshima, 3 days later “fat man” over Nagasaki • August 14th, 1945 VJ day. • Effects of World War II: • Staggering loss of life (over 50 million) – Soviet Union loses 20 million civilian and soldiers (most deaths in the war) • Holocaust – – – – 6 million Jews, 12 million all together State of Israel created 1947 by Allies Hitler killed Jews, then they deserve their own country Muslims living there already (Palestinians) are ticked • UN replaces League of Nation and headquarters moved to US – Shows that US has a high status in the world • More on The Holocaust: • Heinrich Himmler – Forced ppl from occupied countries to be slaves to Germans • Hitler thinks Aryans created culture and Jews had always tried to destroy it. • Convinces many that Jews worked with Americans to keep Germany in a depression after Black Tuesday • Final solution was ethnic cleansing – started by Reinhard Heydrich • Mobile killing units – go to towns, kill Jews, mass graves • 6 concentration camps in Poland. Auschwitz biggest. • 30% to work camps, some medically experimented on. Twins, salt-water. • 6 mil Jews killed. 2 out of every 3 EUR Jews killed. • 10 mil non Jews killed. Roma (gypsies also killed) • Allies thought Holocaust accounts were over exaggerated. They were mainly focused on ending the war • Holocaust video • More effects of WWII: • New tactics in war (fire bombings Tokyo by US, atomic bombs) • Nuclear age begins – Nuclear power – Environmental damage – Japan earthquake in 2012 leads to nuclear waste in ocean • More rights for women after WWII – Suffrage around most of the world • Colonies get independence (From 1945-1980, 90 countries get independence) – Map • US and Soviet Union emerge as superpowers and the Cold War begins – Drama of the Cold War moves from 1945-1990 – Ends with the fall of the USSR in 1990 • Video 4 – Cold War Part 1 • Russian, Mexican, Chinese Revolutions all regard land redistribution – Super-communist • Revolt of the proletariat to take land from the bourgeoisie • Russian Revolution (know this) – Ends 300 year Romanov Dynasty – WWI showed Russia how behind they were – Czar Nicholas II was a crappy leader • More worried about war than Russian people – Also, Rasputin! Also, Rasputin. • Bolsheviks (means more) led by Lenin’s call for Peace, Land, and Bread! – Starts as a labor union • Organizes the workers to revolt • Just like Marx said • Civil War between Red (communist) and White (anti-communist) armies – White fails because it is helped by outsiders (ENG, US) – Nationalism joins communism here • USSR eventually established – Union of Socialist Soviet Republics • Different versions of communism: • Marx used the industrial workers in his revolution • Lenin believed that professionals should lead the revolution • Mao in China used the peasants in his revolution – China was not industrialized, so there was no working class to use • Both basically follow Marx • Lenin’s New Economic Policy (communism with a little capitalism like Deng in China) – Farmers grow crops to provide for the country – Could sell off any extra – Should make an incentive for them to grow more • Lenin spreads communism with Comintern (Communist International) – Convinces North Korea, China, Vietnam to become communist – All with the idea of nationalism behind it • Why should we be controlled by outsiders? • Lenin dies and Stalin takes over – 5 year plan (call to industrialize) – Collectivization (took over farm land) • • • • Government collects crops strictly Some monoculture here Starvation across USSR Makes Stalin the leader responsible for the second most deaths in history • Behind Mao Zedong who did the same thing • Wah Wah • Hitler and Stalin comparison: • Both had kill counts in the top 10 in history • Both used camps – Gulags in USSR • Punishment for enemies of the state – Concentration camps in Germany • Leaders of totalitarian states – Total control by a dictator over economy, religion, culture • Stalin used collectivization and Hitler did not Unit 6.3 • Video 4 - The Cold War, Part 1 • Cold War (US versus USSR): • Capitalism versus Communism (Iron curtain speech by Churchill) – Iron Curtain map • Germany split into communist east, capitalist west • Berlin Wall (1961) – Symbol of the Iron Curtain – East is communist (Controlled by USSR), West is capitalist (Controlled by Allies) • Marshall Plan (US) versus Comecon (USSR) – Marshall Plan – plan to contain communism • Aide to rebuild Europe and Japan • Catch was that you could get money, unless you became communist – Comecon - a plan to spread communism • Later development of Comeintern • NATO versus Warsaw Pact – NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization • All the capitalist countries protect each other – Warsaw Pact • All the communist countries protect each other • Has a much more awesome evil name. • Video 5 – Cold War Part 2 • Cold War – Space (Sputnik, race to the moon) • Race for military superiority – Could launch missiles from space, maybe nuclear bombs • • • • • Sputnik was the first satellite in space USSR puts first man in space, animal in space USA puts first man on moon Who really won the space race? Both spent tons of money on the space race – Was it worth it? – Some say USSR went bankrupt and ended up losing the Cold War over it • Today, US and Russia both work on the International Space Station Poor Laika! • Proxy Wars – When one country fights in place of the important country – USSR and US never fought each other – They just fought a bunch of proxy wars • Korean War (1950-53) – UN (mostly US) fight with China who was pushing communism into Korea – North wanted to be communist, south wanted to stay capitalist • Leader was Kim Il Sun – Kim Jung Un’s grandpa – Outcome was a stalemate and two new countries – Still that way today • Vietnam: • Remember, Vietnam was controlled by China, Japan, and France in the past • US containment versus Ho Chi Minh • North Vietnam invades South Vietnam • Nationalistic – Saw capitalism as an outside force • Vietnamese use guerilla warfare to win – Sabotage, unorthodox fighting, booby trapping • 1975 Vietnam becomes a united communist nation • Afghanistan – Comparison between USSR in Afghanistan and US in Vietnam – USSR loses to guerilla warfare – US helps Afghanistan by sending weapons, tanks – Defeat of USSR/eventually Taliban win out • Major anti-western hate – After 9/11, US will invade Afghanistan, a country they once helped • Nonalignment – Egypt (Nasser) and India (Nehru) played both sides during the Cold War – Both end up benefiting from it • Cold War in Latin America • Cuba Revolution (1959) – Fidel Castro – Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis – Bay of Pigs • JFK secretly hires ex-Cubans to overthrow Castro – Because he made Cuba communist – Too close to home (90 miles from Miami) • They fail and leak the plan • Cuban Missile Crisis – After Bay of Pigs, Castro is nervous – Borrows nukes from Brezhnev – US sends blockade ships in Atlantic – 13 day stand-off – Deal is made • USSR takes back the nukes, US will leave Cuba alone • Che Guevara – Argentine Marxist who called for socialist revolutions throughout Latin America and the Congo in Africa – Protested capitalism and neo-Colonialism – US helps kill him in Bolivia • Women are part of the Cuban and communist revolutions in Latin America – They gain a lot of rights out of it • End of the Cold War: • Satellite countries (Eastern European countries controlled by USSR) start to break free from USSR • USSR is shrinking (Iron Curtain moves further east) – Remember, USSR is supposed to be an alliance of different “Socialist States” • Berlin Wall comes down (1989) – Germany becomes one country again – Will become all capitalist and very strong by 2015 • Hassellhoff • USSR – Reagan versus Gorbachev • Reagan: “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” – USSR policy of perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness) • Democracy in USSR today. Sorta. • Video 6 – Communism in China • China: • Chinese Revolution of 1911 (end of Qing dynasty) – Led by Sun Yat-sen (promoted nationalism, more equality, land redistribution) – Land was taken from the upper-class and given to the peasants – Becomes more westernized – Wanted to get foreigner control out of China – End of 4000 years of dynasties • Successor to Sun Yat-sen was Chiang Kai-shek (nationalist) – Sun does the revolution – Chiang fights off the communists after the revolution (fails) • Communism comes to China (Chinese Communist Revolution): • Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek fight both Japan and communists in China • Long March of communists led by Mao Zedong – 6000 miles (map) • Japan tries to take over – Communists and nationalists fight together to oust the Japanese (common enemy) • Mao emerges as leader and proclaims The People’s Republic of China in 1949 • Chiang retreats to the island of Taiwan (proclaims it is the real China) • US doesn’t recognize mainland China until the 1970s • Mao Zedong: • Lenin and Marx used the industrial workers while Mao used the peasants • Used the Soviet Union as a model – both Mao and Stalin used collectivization • 1950s Great Leap Forward (village based industrialization) – Failed as many died (30 million) – body count winner! – Great stumble backward • 1960s Cultural Revolution (policy to erase all classes, erase western influence) – Red means go, green means stop – Mao suits True communists have back tattoos of the Long March Mao suits: For the Fail! • Deng Xiaoping – Introduces some capitalism into Chinese economy • But not civil rights • Democracy – Tiananmen Square shows how the government stopped free speech – Women seem to have more rights in communist revolutions/countries • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Ching Republic Mao Zedong DENG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! Unit 6.4 • Video 7 – Decolonization Part 1 • Decolonization – when countries run out their colonizers and become independent – MAJOR AP TOPIC – Motivated by nationalism – Sparked by natives learning about the freedoms the west has • Western education, WWI/WWII experiences – World is smaller now • India • Indian National Congress 1885 and Muslim League 1906 – Both wanted the British out • Gandhi- nonviolent leader for Indian independence – Inspired Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. – Video of Amritsar Massacre – Hunger strikes – Salt March – illegal for Indians to use their own salt. Had to buy it from England. – India independence 1947 • Partition of India – Jinnah advocated for a Muslim state- Pakistan • Because of Muslim north/Hindu south – Gandhi wanted one big India – Instead, they got India, Western Pakistan and Eastern Pakistan • Eastern Pakistan breaks off to become Bangladesh – Felt mistreated by bigger, stronger Western Pakistan • Migration period – Hindus moving from Pakistan to India – Muslims moving from India to Pakistan – 5000 people killed during the migration • Kashmir – Northern part fought over by India and Pakistan – Still disputed today – Lots of murder-time • Africa (Out of Africa: PART 2) – get it? • All colonies in Africa are free by 1980 – Some peacefully – Some warfully • South Africa free from England in 1910 but apartheid system in place – Apartheid (Apartness/Aparthood) • State sponsored segregation and restriction of black rights • Lasts until 1994 • Photo • Nelson Mandela of South Africa, 27 Years in prison for speaking out against British – Released due to international boycotts and pressure – Becomes president of South Africa – Ends Apartheid • Similar to Mughal India – Ethnic majority people are ruled by an ethnic minority – Muslims/British – Hindus/Black Africans • Algerians fought for independence from France in 1962 – Crazy bloody war – Large migrations of Algerians to France – Even today • Egypt – Economically colonized by England and France b/c they couldn’t pay the loans for the Suez Canal – Nasser uses nationalism to take back the canal and get all the profits in the 50s • Congo gains independence from Belgium – Finally! • Colonial boundaries a cause for violence: • Remember the Berlin Pizza – Europeans didn’t care about tribes/ethnic violence when they drew the borders • Rwanda gains independence in 1962 • Genocide in 1994 – 1800s Germany and Belgium occupied Rwanda • After they left, they made the Tutsi (lighter skinned) people in charge – 15% of population • Hutu (darker skinned) staged a coup and took over the government in 1972 – Civil war (1994) led to Hutu killing 800,000 Tutsi in 100 days • Hotel Rwanda Clip • Video 8 – Decolonization Part 2 • Southeast Asia: • Vietnam (1975 independence complete) – Ho Chi Minh of Vietnam an educated enlightened political leader that sought independence • Western educated like so many other revolutionaries – Ho Chi Minh used guerilla warfare and the military to gain independence like Simon Bolivar of Latin America • Indonesia (1965) – largest Muslim nation in the world today – Dutch were still in control by the 1960s • Controlled them since 1600s (Spice Islands) – Fought for self-rule • Hong Kong (1997) – England gives it back to the Chinese in 1997 • 99 year lease – Originally taken in the Opium Wars • Asian Tigers (mildly racist) – Countries in Asia with booming capitalist economies in the late 1900s • Hong Kong • Taiwan • Japan • Middle East – Egypt • Gained independence from Ottoman Empire in 1922 but established a republic in the 1950’s • Nasser of Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal – Ottoman Empire broken up (Turkey, Syria, Jordan and Arabia) • Israel – Balfour Declaration – Allies from WWII said that Jews deserve to be let back into Palestine (Israel) • Muslims don’t like it, end up violating the demand – Zionist movement – Jewish nationalism. All Jews should return to Mt. Zion (Israel) – 1948- UN declares Israel as a nation • Because of the Holocaust • England was the main pusher for Israel • Religious differences (comparison to India/Pakistan): • India/Pakistan is a two state solution • Israel/Palestine only one state and not a solution – Today, the one state/two state debate is huge • US Democrats like two state, Republicans like one state • Conflict/Violence – Muslims and Jews fighting over who should be in Israel – Muslims in Palestine have a lot of Muslim friends in the area • 1948 Arab-Israeli War • 1967- Six Day War – PLO – Palestine Liberation Organization • Used some terrorist tactics • Israel has done the same • Iran/Iraq War – US backs Iraq – Sadaam Hussein uses guns and tanks given to him by the US when the US invades in the 1990s Persian Gulf War and 2000s after 9/11 • Just like in Afghanistan when we supported them versus USSR • Latin America: • Neocolonialism – Economies of Latin America dependent on exports to industrialized nations (coffee, sugar, fruit, oil) • Mexico – Revolution of 1910 • People are trying to get rid of the rule of caudillos (military dictators) – Caudillo at the time: Diaz • Led by Mexican heroes Zapata and Poncho Villa – Starts as a revolt of the elite, but peasants get involved Something tells me they’re gonna win… • Created a constitution based on land reform – Government ownership of church lands – Distribution of land to the peasants – Government control of natural resources (like PEMEX) Petroleum of Mexico • Ran by the PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) – Takes over after the Second Mexican Revolution – Rules as a one-party political system until 2000 • In 2000, another party joins and wins out over the PRI – Now Mexico is a two party system • Neocolonialism (new colonialism): • Banana Republics are an example • Native lands are dependent so much on exporting products to much larger countries, they are actually controlled by their market country – Leads to a weak domestic economy – If they aren’t selling to outsiders, their economy crumbles • US buys lands in Central America and creates plantations on it – Not with slaves, but with natives who are paid poorly – This is why bananas are still so cheap • US can exploit Latin America because of the Monroe Doctrine which forbade European interaction with Latin American countries – “Big brother policy” – no one can pick on our little brother (Latin America) except the big brother (US) • BRICS – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa – Rapidly growing economies today • Major communist/socialist countries today – Today, many people use socialist/communist interchangeably – The truth is, they are all really socialist – China – Cuba – Laos – Vietnam – Venezuela – North Korea • 4 in Asia, 2 in Latin America • Video 8 – Science and the Environment • Development of technologies at an unprecedented pace: • Communication – phone, radio, television, internet – Spread cultures – leads to globalization, westernization • Transportation – airplanes, cars – Cars let people move out of the city into suburbs • Sort of a backlash of the rush to the cities in the Industrial Revolution • Military – airplane bombings, nuclear bombs, tanks, chemical weapons, drones • Space exploration – USSR – Sputnik (satellite) – US – moon mission • Power – Oil (OPEC) and Nuclear Energy (Chernobyl USSR, 3 Mile Island (US)) • Science – Freud – psychology – how the mind works • Our subconscious really controls us • Repressed thoughts – Einstein – relativity, modern physics – Big Bang – actual age of universe (14.7 billion years old) • Makes humans seem insignificant • Also supports Darwinism – Cold War antinuclear movement • Against nuclear weapons – Mass killings, environmental damage, MAD • Against nuclear power – Three Mile Island (Pennsylvania) » Minor meltdown that released as much radiation as an xray – Chernobyl (USSR) » Nuclear meltdown that leaked four times the radiation of Hiroshima Three Mile Island Chernobyl • Medicine – Polio vaccine, antibiotics and transplants combine to give this period in history the highest life expectancy • Polio killed a ton of people in the first part of the 1900s • Population growth (graph) 7 Billion in 2015 – In this century, the population has doubled • Green revolution provided more food with chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides – Has led to environmental protests (Ex. Greenpeace) – China and India develop child policies (both over 1 billion pop) • Gap between the rich and poor continues to widen – Income inequality – In the past, it has generally led to revolutions and the overthrow of the rich – Just sayin’ • Diseases • Spanish influenza – spread by contact of soldiers in WWI • HIV/AIDS – STD starts in Africa, to the West by 1980s – Still huge killer in Africa • Poverty diseases (malaria, cholera) – Diseases that could be prevented with some money/vaccines – Still huge in Africa • Lifestyle diseases – diabetes, heart disease – From sedentary lifestyle and overeating – First real occurrence of this in history • Globalization – big thing AP likes • The spread of cultures so much that the world is becoming one big culture • Disney, Rock n Roll, McDonalds, Coca Cola, Nike, Starbucks • Many smaller cultures are losing their cultures – It is being replaced by a western culture • International Organizations – Humanitarian (Red Cross/Red Crescent, World Health Organization) – Economic (World Bank, World Trade Organization) – Political (United Nations, EU, NAFTA, OPEC) • EU – European Union – one currency (Euro) for most of Europe • NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement – Easier trade between US, Mexico and Canada – Cultural (FIFA, International Olympic Committee) • Cultural diffusion – Reggae music – Jamaican. Mix of African, Caribbean and American music – Bollywood – India’s version of Hollywood – International sports – World Cup, Olympics • Video 10 – Human Rights • Human Rights Movements: • Civil Rights Movement in America – Gandhi influenced King’s non-violence techniques • End of apartheid in South Africa – Due to boycotts from the West • UN publishes “The Universal Declaration of Human Rights” – Used as an international Bill of Rights • China still fighting for human rights – – – – Tiananmen Square Tank Man What happened to tank man? 25 Year Tiananmen Square Anniversary • Genocides – Armenian, Holocaust, Cambodia, Rwanda, Darfur • Terrorism – Black Hand – starts WWI by killing Ferdinand and wife – IRA (Irish Republican Army) – fought to free Ireland from British rule • Used guerilla tactics (like liberators in South America and Africa) • Was successful in southern Ireland, but Northern Ireland stayed part of the UK • Later, they began to fight the Protestants in Northern Ireland using guerilla tactics – Al Qaeda • Leads the West to take a stance against terrorism • Comparisons • Different kinds of communism – Marx – starts it – Lenin – agriculture, starts in USSR (spreads it using Comintern) – Stalin – Makes it industrial, starves people, collectivization – Mao – Starves more people, collectivization • Collapse of land empires (Ottomans, Russia, Qing dynasty) • Revolutions (Mexico 1910, Russian 1918, Chinese 1911) all involving land reform – Around the same time • Two revolutions in China – Chinese Revolution 1911 – Sun Yat-sen – Communist Revolution 1949 – Mao Zedong • Pan Africanism (Marcus Garvey) with Pan Arabism (Egypt and Nasser) – Pan = across – Bringing together an ethnic group as a “nation” across different country borders – Garvey wanted all black people from around the world to return to Africa and make it awesome • Changing role of women in Iran, China, western Europe/US – Iran – moved back to veiling, strict Islamic control • b/c Iran had a revolution that led to a strict Islamic theocracy in the 1900s – China – began to get rights – Western Europe/US – suffrage, employment equality, birth control More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility and transformed sexual practices • Lowered birth-rate • Sex w/o risk of pregnancy gave women more control over practices • Empowered women to control their own destinies – Many choose to never have children, be professionals • Economic developments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America – Africa (as a whole, resource depletion and little industry) – Asia (Tiger economies and emphasis on consumer goods for export) – Latin America (Brazil one of the fastest growing economies in the world) • Neocolonialism in other areas – US and banana republics • China and USSR (Communist allies and then their disagreements) • US and USSR (policies and strategies during the Cold War) – Vietnam and Afghanistan • Cold War effects on Latin America, Africa – Nonalignment in Egypt and India – Decolonization around the world
