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Careers in Health Care
Introduction to Health Care Careers
• Education
• High school preparation
• Health science technology education (HSTE)
• Post-secondary education
• Types of degrees
• Associate’s Degree- awarded by a career/technical school or community
college after completion of a 2 year course of study
• Bachelor’s Degree- Awarded by a college or university after a prescribed
course of studny that usually lasts 4 years or more.
• Master’s Degree – Awarded by a college or university
Educational Levels of Training
Career Level
Educational Requirement
Examples
Professional
4 or more years of college with bachelor’s,
masters or doctoral degree
Medical Doctor, Dentist, Genetic
Counselor
Technologist or Therapist
3-4 years of college plus work experience,
usually a bachelor’s degree and at times a
master’s degree
Medical laboratory technologist,
Physical therapist, radiology
technologist
Technician
2 year associate’s degree, special health
Dental laboratory technician,
science technology education or 3-4 years of medical laboratory technician,
on the job training.
surgical technician
Aid or assistant
Specific number of hours of specialized
education or one or more years of training
combining classroom and/or OTJ training
Dental assistant, medical assistant,
nursing assistant
Associates Degree
Awarded by a career/technical school or community college after
completion of a 2 year course of study. Examples include:
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Certified Respiratory Therapist
Medical Laboratory Technician
Occupational Therapy Assistant
ASRN (Registered Nurse)
Bachelor’s Degree
Bachelor or Arts (BA) or Bachelor or Science (BS)
Awarded by a college or university after a prescribed course of study
that usually lasts for 4 or more years.
• Radiology technologist
• Medical laboratory technologist
• BSN (Registered Nurse)
Master’s Degree
Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Science (MS)
Awarded by a college or university after completion of one or more
years of work beyond a bachelor’s degree.
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Physical Therapist
Occupational Therapist
Speech Therapist
Nurse Practitioner
Physician’s Assistant
Nurse Midwife
Doctoral Degree
Medical Doctor (MD), Doctor or Osteopathy (DO), Doctor
of Philosophy (PhD)
Awarded by a college or university after completion of 2 or more years
of work beyond a master’s degree. Some doctorates can require up to
4-6 years of additional study.
• Medical Doctor
• Doctor of Vetrinary Medicine
• Dentist
Certification, Registration,
and Licensure
Methods to ensure the skill and competency of health care
professionals to protect the consumer or patient.
Certification
Certification means that a person has fulfilled requirements of
education and performance and meets the standards and qualifications
established by the professional association or government agency that
regulates a particular career.
• Certified dental assistant
• Certified laboratory technician
• Certified medical assistant
Registration
Registration is required by some health care careers and is performed
by a regulatory body (professional association or state board) that
administers examinations and maintains a current list (“registry”) of
qualified personnel in a given health care area.
• Registered nurse (RN)
• Registered dietician (RD)
• Registered respiratory therapist (RRT)
Licensure
Licensure is a process by which government agency authorizes
individuals to work in a given occupation. Careers requiring licensure
can vary from state to state.
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Registered nurse
Physician
Dentist
Licensed practical nurse (LPN)
Accrediting Agencies
• Accreditation ensures the program of study meets the established
quality competency standards and prepares students for employment
in a health career.
• Educational programs are required to be “accredited” before
certification, registration and/or licensure can be granted.
• Examples of accrediting agencies include the Accreditation
Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN) and the Commission on
Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE)
Continuing Education Units (CEUs)
Continuing education is required to renew licenses or maintain
certification or registration in many states. An individual most obtain
additional hours of education in the specific health career area during a
specified period.
In MN, an RN needs to have proof of 24 CEU hours every 2 years.
It is a pain. But a necessary one.
Trends for Health Care Workers
Multi-skilled or multi-competent worker
• Typical of smaller facilities
• Rural areas
• Cannot hire a specialist for every aspect of care so workers are hired to
perform a variety of health care skills.
• Examples:
• My first job as a nursing assistant was in an emergency room. I was
responsible for phlebotomy, EKG’s and nursing assistant duties.
• Medical assistants at 3M were responsible for lab testing, patient
rooming, back-up receptionist duties, x-ray, EKG and audiograms
Trends
Entrepreneur
• A person who organizes, manages and assumes the risk of the business
• Some work as individuals and some work as a part of a group
• Advantages:
• Work independently, financial rewards, self satisfaction
• Disadvantages:
• Assuming risk, hours/call
• Example:
• Combining a bachelor’s degree in a health care field with a master’s degree in businessdental hygienists, dental assistants, nurse practitioners, physical therapists, physicians
National Health Care Skills Standards (NHCSS)
Developed by the National Consortium on Health and Science
Technology.
What is a consortium??
Association of 2 or more individuals, companies, organizations or
governments with the objective of participating in a common activity
or pooling their resources for achieving a common goal.
NHCSS developed to create standards to indicate the knowledge and
skills that are expected of health care workers – primarily at entry and
technical levels.
NHCSS - 7 Standards
• Health Care Core Standards
• Therapeutic/Diagnostic Core Standards
• Therapeutic Cluster Standards (Therapeutic Services)
• Diagnostic Cluster Standards
• Health Information Services Cluster Standards
• Support (Environmental) Services Cluster Standards
• Biotechnology Research and Development Standards
Health Care Core Standards
• Knowledge and skill that most health care workers should have:
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Academic foundation
Communication skills
Employable skills
Legal responsibilities
Ethics
Safety Practices
Teamwork
IT applications
Technical Skills
Health maintenance practices
Knowledge of systems in the health care environment
Therapeutic/Diagnostic Core Standards
Knowledge and skills required to focus on direct patient care in both
therapeutic and diagnostic health care careers including:
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Health Maintenance Practices
Patient interaction
Intrateam communication
Monitoring patient status
Patient movement
Therapeutic Cluster Standards
Knowledge and skills required of workers in health care careers that are
involved in changing the health status of the patient over time.
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Interacting with patients
Communicating with team members
Collecting information
Planning treatment
Implementing procedures
Monitoring patient status
Evaluating patient response to treatment
Diagnostic Cluster Standards
Knowledge and skills required of workers in health care careers that are
involved in creating a picture of the health status of the patient at a
single point in time.
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Communicating oral and written information
Assessing patient’s health status
Moving and positioning patients safely and efficiently
Explaining procedures and goals
Preparing for procedures
Performing diagnostic procedures
Evaluating test results
Reporting required information
Health Informatics Services Cluster Standards
Knowledge and skills required of workers in health care careers that are
involved with the documentation of patient care.
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Communicating information accurately within legal boundaries
Analyzing information
Abstracting and coding medical records and documents
Designing and/or implementing effective information systems
Documenting information
Understanding operations to enter, retrieve and maintain information
Examples of actual medical record mistakes:
“Discharge status: Alive but without permission.”
“The patient lives at home with his mother, father, and pet turtle, who is presently enrolled in day
care three times a week.”
Support (Environmental) Services Cluster
Knowledge and skills required of workers in health care careers that are
involved with creating a therapeutic environment to provide direct or
indirect patient care.
• Developing and implementing the administration, quality control, compliance
regulations of a health care facility
• Maintaining a clean and safe environment through aseptic techniques
• Managing resources
• Maintaining an aesthetically appealing environment
Biotechnology Research and Development
Standards
Knowledge and skills required of workers in health care careers that are
involved in bioscience research and development, including:
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Comprehending how biotechnology contributes to health and quality of life
Developing a strong foundation in math and science principles
Performing biotechnology techniques
Understanding and following laboratory protocols and principles
Working with product design and development
Complying with bioethical policies
National Consortium of Health Science
Education – Career Clusters
• Therapeutic Services
• Diagnostic Services
• Health Informatics
• Support Services
• Biotechnology and Development
Therapeutic Services
• Workers in therapeutic services use a variety of treatments to help
patients in direct patient care.
• Examples of places of employment:
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Rehabilitation services
Hospitals and Clinics
Mental health Facilities
Daycare Facilities
Long term care facilities
Home health care agencies
Schools
Government agencies
Dental Careers
• Focus on health of the teeth and soft tissues of the mouth
• Places of employment include:
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Private offices
Laboratories
Clinics
Dental departments in hospitals
Schools
Health departments
Government agencies
Research facilities/Dental device/supply companies
Dental Careers
• Dental Assistant/Certified Dental Assistant (DA, CDA)
• Prep patients, pass instruments, prep dental materials for procedures, take xrays, teach preventive care, sterilize instruments and perform receptionist
duties
• Dental Laboratory Technicians, Certified Dental Lab Tech (DLT, CDLT)
• Make and repair a variety of dental prostheses including dentures, crowns,
bridges
• Dental Hygienists, Licensed Dental Hygienists (DH, LDH)
• Perform prelim exam of teeth and mouth, remove stains, deposits from teeth,
take x-rays, apply treatments (fluoride)
• Dentist, Doctor of Dental Medicine, Doctor or Dental Surgery (DMD or
DDS)
A look at dental hygiene
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SlOib4gYP08
Emergency Medical Services Careers
• First Responder
• First person to arrive at the scene of an injury, provides basic emergency care
• Examples include police officers, security guards, fire department personnel
• Certification course prepares individuals by teaching airway mgt, oxygen
administration, bleeding control and CPR
• Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)
• Prehospital care to victims of accidents, injuries and sudden illnesses
• Certification training provided as a non-degree course in technical/community
colleges
• Prep for employment in fire and police dept, rescue squads, ambulance services, and
military
• Paramedic
• Associates degree program prepares in-depth assessment, advanced cardiac life
support (ACLS), ECG interpretation, Endotracheal intubation, drug administration
Medical Careers
• Physician
• Doctoral degree, 3-8 years of post-graduate training
• State licensure
• Board certification in specialty area
• Physician Assistant, Certified Physician Assistant (PA, PA-C)
• Bachelor’s degree + Master’s Degree
• Registration, certification or licensure required in all states
• Works under the supervision of physicians, performing physical exams, orders
diagnostic tests, treat minor injuries, prescribe treatments and medications
• Medical Assistant
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Prepares patients for exams- vital signs, medical history
Assists with procedures and treatments
Performs basic lab testing
Performs secretarial and/or billing duties
Physician’s Assistant
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V42RgIXx4rA
Mental and Social Services Careers
• Professionals who focus on helping people with mental or emotional
disorders or those with developmental delays or mental impairments.
• Places of employment include:
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Hospitals or psychiatric hospitals
Home health care agencies
Public health departments
Government agencies
Crisis or counseling centers
Drug and alcohol treatment centers
Crisis or counseling centers
Prisons
Long term care facilities
Mental Health and Social Services Careers
• Psychiatrists
• Doctoral degree, 2-7 years postgraduate training
• State licensure
• Prescribes medications
• Psychologist, Doctor of Psychology (PhyD)
• Bachelor’s or master’s degree
• Licensure or certification required in all states
• Psychiatric Mental Health Technicians
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Associate’s degree
Help patients and families follow treatment and rehabilitation plans
Provide understanding and encouragement
Assist with physical care, observe and report behavior
Mental Health and Social Services Career
• Social Workers
• Aid people who have difficulty coping with various problems by making
referrals to community resources
• Specialties include child welfare, geriatrics, family and correctional
• Places of employment can be hospitals, clinics, schools, prisons, home health
agencies
• Genetic Counselors
• Provide information to individuals and families on genetic diseases or
inherited conditions
• Research the risk for occurrence of disease or birth defect, identify medical
options and help individuals cope with psychological issues
Mortuary Careers
• Services that include preparation of the body, performance of a
ceremony and cremation or burial of the remains.
• Places of employment include:
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Funeral homes
Mortuaries
Crematoriums
Cemetery associations
Mortuary Careers
• Funeral Director
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AKA mortician, undertaker, Associate’s or Bachelor’s degree
Provider support to survivor
Make arrangements for ceremonies
Prepare the body following legal requirements
• Embalmers
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Prepare the body for internment by washing with germicidal soap
Replaces the blood with embalming fluid to preserve the body
Reshapes and restructures disfigurements
Applies cosmetics to create a natural appearance
• Mortuary Assistants
• Assist with prep of the body
• May drive the hearse to pick up the body after death or take it to the burial site
• Assists with paper work
Nursing Careers
• Provide direct patient care as directed by physicians
• Care focused on mental, emotional and physical needs of the patient
• Places of employment include:
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Hospitals
Long term care facilities
Rehabilitation centers
Physician’s offices
Clinics
Public health/ government agencies
Home health agencies
Insurance companies
Schools
Industry
Nursing Careers
• Registered Nurse (RN)
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Work under the direction of the physician
Observes, assesses, reports patient needs
Administers treatments and medications
Teaches health care
• Nurse Practitioner, Certified Nurse Practitioner (NP, CNP)
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Advanced Practice Nurse, similar to PA
Performs physical examinations
Orders lab test and other procedures
Establishes treatment plans, prescribes medications
Nursing Careers
• Nurse Midwife, Certified Nurse Midwife (NM, CNM)
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Provides total care for normal pregnancies
Performs routine tests
Teaches childbirth and child care classes
Monitors the infant and mother during child birth, delivery of the infant
• Nurse educator
• Teaches patients, students, general population nursing/healthcare education
• Examples: Nursing instructor at a university, Diabetes educator
• Nurse Anesthetist, Certified Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA)
• Administers anesthesia and monitors patients during surgery
• Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS)
• Specializes in a specific area of nursing, such as ICU, Psychiatry, Pediatrics,
neonatology, gerontology
Nursing Careers
• Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)
• Works under the supervision of a physician or RN
• Type of care determined by the work environment – home care, hospital, long
term care, physician’s office
• Nursing assistant, Certified Nursing Assistant (NA, CNA)
• Provide care such as baths, feeding, transferring, ambulation
• Home Health Care Assistant
• Trained to work in a patient’s home and may perform additional duties such
as meal prep or light housework
• Medication Aides
• Receive training to administer medications to residents in long term care
facilities.
Nutrition and Dietary Service Careers
• Using knowledge of nutrition, workers promote wellness and optimum
health by providing dietary guidelines used to treat various diseases
• Places of employment include:
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Hospitals
Long term care facilities
Child and adult day care facilities
Wellness centers
Schools
Home care agencies
Public health agencies
Clinics
Industry
Dietary Services Careers
• Dieticians, Registered Dieticians, Nutritionists (RD)
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Manage food service systems
Assess patient’s or residents nutritional needs
Plan menus
Teach proper nutrition and special diets
• Dietetic technicians, Registered Dietetic technicians (DT)
• Working under supervision of a Dietician, plan menus, order foods,
standardize and test recipes, assist in food prep
• Dietetic Assistants (food service workers)
• Assist with food prep and services
• Help patient’s select menus, clean work areas
• Assist other dietary workers
Veterinary Careers
• Focus on providing care to all types of animals, from house pets to
livestock to wild life
• Places of employment include:
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Animal hospitals
Veterinarian offices
Laboratories
Zoos
Farms
Animal shelters
Aquariums
Fish and wildlife services
Veterinary Careers
• Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM or VMD)
• Prevent, diagnose and treat disease and injuries in animals
• 4 years of veterinary school after bachelor’s degree
• Veterinary Technician or Veterinary Technologist
• Technician is 2 year degree, Technologist is 4 year degree
• Assists with the handling and care of animals
• Collecting specimens, assist with surgery, perform lab tests, take x-rays,
administer treatments
• Veterinary Assistants
• Feed, bathe, groom and exercise animals
• Prepare animals for treatment, assist with exams
• Clean and sanitize cages, exam tables and surgical areas
Vision Services Careers
• Provide care and treatmet for patient’s with vision disorders
• Places of employment include:
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Offices
Optical shops
Department stores
Hospitals
Schools
Government agencies
Vision Services Careers
• Ophthalmologists (MD)
• Medical degree with 2-7 years post-graduate specialty training
• Diagnose and treat eye diseases, perform surgery and correct vision problems and defects
• Optometrists
• 4 years of optometry degree
• Diagnose and treat eye diseases but if surgery is needed, refers to the ophthalmologist
• Ophthalmic medical technologists
• Under the supervision of the ophthalmologist or optometrist, performs routine eye tests and
measurements
• Fits patients for contacts
• Administers medications and treatments
• Assists with eye surgery
• Associate’s or Bachelor’s degree
Vision Services Careers
• Ophthalmic technician
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Associate’s degree
Prepares patients for medical exams
Takes measurements and performs basic tests
Adjusts eye glasses, teaches eye exercises
• Ophthalmic assistants
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On the job training
Prepares patients for exams
Measures visual acuity
Performs receptionist duyies
• Opticians
• Associate’s degree
• Make and fit eyeglasses or lenses as prescribed
• Ophthalmic laboratory technicians
• On the job training
• Cut, grind, finish, polish and mount lenses used in eyeglasses, contact lenses and
optical instruments
Other Therapeutic Services Careers
Rehabilitative Therapies
Occupational Therapy (OT)
• Master’s degree
• Help people with physical, developmental, mental or emotional disabilities to
overcome, correct or adjust to their particular problems.
• Treatment is director toward helping patients acquire independence, regain
lost function, adapt to disabilities and lead productive lives
Occupational Therapy Assistant (OTA)
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Associate’s Degree
Help patient’s carry out programs of prescribed treatment
Direct patients in arts and crafts, recreation or social events
Help patients carry out rehabilitation activities and exercises
Use games to develop balance and coordination
Rehabilitative Therapies
Physical Therapy (PT)
• Master’s degree
• Provides treatment to improve mobility and prevent or limit permanent
disability of patients with disabling joint, bone muscle or nerve injuries
• Treatment may include exercise, massage, heat, cold, water, light, electricity
or ultrasound
Physical Therapy Assistant (PTA)
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Associate’s degree
Help to carry out the plan made by the PT
Perform exercises and massages
Administer heat, cold, water
Assist with ambulation
What is the difference between OT/PT?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZaXsL25rUw0
Rehabilitative Therapies
Speech/Language Pathologist
• Master’s Degree
• Identify, evaluate and treat patient’s with speech
and language disorders
• Help patient’s communicate as effectively as
possible
• Teach patients to cope with the problems created by
speech impairments
• Perform swallow evaluations and recommended diet
consistency
Other Therapeutic Careers
Pharmacists – PharmD (Doctor of Pharmacy)
• Dispense medications per written orders from physicians, dentists and other
health care professionals
• Provide information to health care providers and patients on drugs and how
to use them
• Ensure drug compatibility assess, plan and monitor drug usage
Pharmacy Technician
• OTJ training or associate’s degree
• Working under the supervision of pharmacists
• Help prepare medications for dispensing to patients- labeling, inventory,
order supplies
Other Therapeutic Careers
Respiratory Therapist, Registered Respiratory Therapist (RT, RRT)
• 2 or 4 year degree
• Treat patients with heart and lung diseases by administering oxygen, gases or
medications
• Use exercise to improve breathing
• Monitors ventilators and performs respiratory function tests
Respiratory Therapy Technicians
• Works under the supervision of a respiratory therapist
• Administers respiratory treatments, performs basic testing
• Cleans and maintains equipment
Last 2….
Surgical Technologist/Technician
• Certification program or associates degree
• Set up instruments and equipment for surgery
• Assist during surgery by passing instruments and supplies
Perfusionist
• Bachelor’s degree
• Members of open heart surgery team who operate the heart-lung bypass
machine
• Monitors blood gases and vital signs
• Administers blood products, anesthetic agents and drugs
Diagnostic Services Careers
Diagnostic service workers create a picture of the health status of a
patient at a single point in time by performing tests or evaluations.
Places of employment include:
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Hospital laboratories
Reference laboratories
Doctors’ offices
Outpatient centers
Government agencies
Research facilities
Diagnostic Careers – Laboratory
Medical Laboratory Technologist (MT)
• Bachelor’s degree, works under an MD called a pathologist
• Performs tests on blood and body fluids
• Can specialize in microbiology, hematology, blood bank, chemistry, histology
(study of tissues)
Medical Laboratory Technician (MLT)
• 2 year associate’s degree, works under the supervision of the MT
• Performs basic laboratory testing
• Prepares specimens for testing
Phlebotomist
• Certificate or OTJ training
• Perform blood collections for laboratory testing
Diagnostic Careers - Radiology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-P6U9RAtMA
Diagnostic Careers – Radiology
Radiologic Technologist
• Use x-ray, radiation, nuclear medicine, ultrasound and magnetic
resonance to diagnose and treat disease.
• Can specialize in certain areas of treatment for example:
• Radiographers- take x-rays for diagnostic treatment
• Radiation therapists – administer prescribed doses of
radiation to treat disease
• Nuclear medicine technologist – Prepare radioactive
substances for administration to patients and use imaging to
determine how the substances are processed by the body
Diagnostic Careers – Radiology
Radiologic Technologist Specialties:
• Ultrasound technologist or diagnostic medical sonographers – Use
ultrasound to create images of what is going on in the body
• Mammographer – Uses a mammography machine to produce images of
the breast
• Computerized tomography (CT) technologist – Uses a CT scanner to
obtain cross-sectional images of the body
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologist – Uses superconductive
magnets and radiowaves to produce detailed images of internal anatomy
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) technologist – Injects slightly
radioactive substance to the patient and then using a pet scanner can
produce 3D images of body parts
Health Informatics Careers
Workers are involved with documentation of patient records and health
information.
Places of employment include:
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Hospitals
Clinics
Research centers
Health departments
Long term care facilities
Colleges
Law firms
Insurance companies
Health Informatics Careers
Health Information Administrators
• Develop and manage the systems for storing and obtaining information from
records
• Preparing for legal action and insurance claims
• Compile statistics for organizations and government agencies
Health Information Technicians
• Associate’s degree
• Manage health records and release of information
Medical Transcriptionists
• 1 year technical program, associate’s degree or OTJ training
• Transcribe data recorded by physicians or other health care professionals into
written reports
Health Informatics Careers
Admitting clerks
• Typically technical education
• Responsible for obtaining necessary information to admit a patient to facility
including demographics, insurance information
Unit Secretary or Health Unit Coordinator (HUC)
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1 or more years technical education program
Record information on records
Schedule procedures or tests
Answer phones, order tests and supplies
Medical interpreters/translators
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Associate, bachelor’s or master’s degree
Assist care providers in converting one language to another
Must be proficient in relaying concepts and ideas between languages
Interpreters convert spoken words, translators convert written words
Support Services Careers
Work to create a therapeutic environment to provide
direct or indirect patient care.
Health Care Administrators
• Master’s or doctoral prepared, sometimes bachelor’s degree
• Plan, direct, coordinate and supervise the delivery of health care and
managed operations of the facility
• Responsible for personnel, budgeting, finance, public relations, etc
Central Supply Workers
• Certificate program or OTJ training
• Involved in ordering, maintaining and supplying equipment and supplies to
departments
• Sterilize instruments or supplies and maintain inventory
Support Services Careers
Biomedical Engineers
• Bachelor’s degree
• Work in hospitals, research facilities or biomedical equipment companies
• Design and build systems that can be used for diagnostic tests, analyzing
blood, monitoring patients
Biomedical Technicians
• Associate or bachelor’s degree
• Maintain and inspect equipment that is used to diagnose, treat and monitor
patients
• Install, test, service and repair equipment
Housekeeping workers or Environmental Services worker
• OTJ training
• Help to maintain the cleanliness of the health care facility to provide a
pleasant, sanitary environment
Biotechnology Research and Development Careers
Workers who use living cells from humans, animals plants and
microorganisms and their molecules to make useful products.
Products created can be used to produce:
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Diagnostic tests
Treatments
Medications
Vaccines
Methods to clean environmental contamination
Food products
Biotechnology Research and Development Careers
Biological or Medical Scientists
• Bachelor’s, master’s or doctoral degree
• Can work as biochemists, microbiologists, physiologists, forensic science or
biophysicists
Biotechnology Engineers
• Bachelor’s or master’s degree
• Use engineering knowledge to develop solutions to complex medical
problems
• Have developed devices such as cardiac pacemakers, blood oxygenators,
defibrillators, artificial organs
Biotechnology Research and Development Careers
Biological technicians
• Associate or bachelor’s degree
• Work under the supervision of a biotech scientist or engineer
• Assist in the development, testing, and manufacturing of biotech devices,
procedures, technology
Process technicians
• Associate’s or bachelor’s degree
• Operate and monitor machinery used to produce biotechnology products
Forensic science technicians
• Associate, bachelor’s or master’s degree
• Investigate crimes by collecting and analyzing physical evidence