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Careers in Health Care Introduction to Health Care Careers • Education • High school preparation • Health science technology education (HSTE) • Post-secondary education • Types of degrees • Associate’s Degree- awarded by a career/technical school or community college after completion of a 2 year course of study • Bachelor’s Degree- Awarded by a college or university after a prescribed course of studny that usually lasts 4 years or more. • Master’s Degree – Awarded by a college or university Educational Levels of Training Career Level Educational Requirement Examples Professional 4 or more years of college with bachelor’s, masters or doctoral degree Medical Doctor, Dentist, Genetic Counselor Technologist or Therapist 3-4 years of college plus work experience, usually a bachelor’s degree and at times a master’s degree Medical laboratory technologist, Physical therapist, radiology technologist Technician 2 year associate’s degree, special health Dental laboratory technician, science technology education or 3-4 years of medical laboratory technician, on the job training. surgical technician Aid or assistant Specific number of hours of specialized education or one or more years of training combining classroom and/or OTJ training Dental assistant, medical assistant, nursing assistant Associates Degree Awarded by a career/technical school or community college after completion of a 2 year course of study. Examples include: • • • • Certified Respiratory Therapist Medical Laboratory Technician Occupational Therapy Assistant ASRN (Registered Nurse) Bachelor’s Degree Bachelor or Arts (BA) or Bachelor or Science (BS) Awarded by a college or university after a prescribed course of study that usually lasts for 4 or more years. • Radiology technologist • Medical laboratory technologist • BSN (Registered Nurse) Master’s Degree Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Science (MS) Awarded by a college or university after completion of one or more years of work beyond a bachelor’s degree. • • • • • • Physical Therapist Occupational Therapist Speech Therapist Nurse Practitioner Physician’s Assistant Nurse Midwife Doctoral Degree Medical Doctor (MD), Doctor or Osteopathy (DO), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Awarded by a college or university after completion of 2 or more years of work beyond a master’s degree. Some doctorates can require up to 4-6 years of additional study. • Medical Doctor • Doctor of Vetrinary Medicine • Dentist Certification, Registration, and Licensure Methods to ensure the skill and competency of health care professionals to protect the consumer or patient. Certification Certification means that a person has fulfilled requirements of education and performance and meets the standards and qualifications established by the professional association or government agency that regulates a particular career. • Certified dental assistant • Certified laboratory technician • Certified medical assistant Registration Registration is required by some health care careers and is performed by a regulatory body (professional association or state board) that administers examinations and maintains a current list (“registry”) of qualified personnel in a given health care area. • Registered nurse (RN) • Registered dietician (RD) • Registered respiratory therapist (RRT) Licensure Licensure is a process by which government agency authorizes individuals to work in a given occupation. Careers requiring licensure can vary from state to state. • • • • Registered nurse Physician Dentist Licensed practical nurse (LPN) Accrediting Agencies • Accreditation ensures the program of study meets the established quality competency standards and prepares students for employment in a health career. • Educational programs are required to be “accredited” before certification, registration and/or licensure can be granted. • Examples of accrediting agencies include the Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN) and the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) Continuing Education Units (CEUs) Continuing education is required to renew licenses or maintain certification or registration in many states. An individual most obtain additional hours of education in the specific health career area during a specified period. In MN, an RN needs to have proof of 24 CEU hours every 2 years. It is a pain. But a necessary one. Trends for Health Care Workers Multi-skilled or multi-competent worker • Typical of smaller facilities • Rural areas • Cannot hire a specialist for every aspect of care so workers are hired to perform a variety of health care skills. • Examples: • My first job as a nursing assistant was in an emergency room. I was responsible for phlebotomy, EKG’s and nursing assistant duties. • Medical assistants at 3M were responsible for lab testing, patient rooming, back-up receptionist duties, x-ray, EKG and audiograms Trends Entrepreneur • A person who organizes, manages and assumes the risk of the business • Some work as individuals and some work as a part of a group • Advantages: • Work independently, financial rewards, self satisfaction • Disadvantages: • Assuming risk, hours/call • Example: • Combining a bachelor’s degree in a health care field with a master’s degree in businessdental hygienists, dental assistants, nurse practitioners, physical therapists, physicians National Health Care Skills Standards (NHCSS) Developed by the National Consortium on Health and Science Technology. What is a consortium?? Association of 2 or more individuals, companies, organizations or governments with the objective of participating in a common activity or pooling their resources for achieving a common goal. NHCSS developed to create standards to indicate the knowledge and skills that are expected of health care workers – primarily at entry and technical levels. NHCSS - 7 Standards • Health Care Core Standards • Therapeutic/Diagnostic Core Standards • Therapeutic Cluster Standards (Therapeutic Services) • Diagnostic Cluster Standards • Health Information Services Cluster Standards • Support (Environmental) Services Cluster Standards • Biotechnology Research and Development Standards Health Care Core Standards • Knowledge and skill that most health care workers should have: • • • • • • • • • • • Academic foundation Communication skills Employable skills Legal responsibilities Ethics Safety Practices Teamwork IT applications Technical Skills Health maintenance practices Knowledge of systems in the health care environment Therapeutic/Diagnostic Core Standards Knowledge and skills required to focus on direct patient care in both therapeutic and diagnostic health care careers including: • • • • • Health Maintenance Practices Patient interaction Intrateam communication Monitoring patient status Patient movement Therapeutic Cluster Standards Knowledge and skills required of workers in health care careers that are involved in changing the health status of the patient over time. • • • • • • • Interacting with patients Communicating with team members Collecting information Planning treatment Implementing procedures Monitoring patient status Evaluating patient response to treatment Diagnostic Cluster Standards Knowledge and skills required of workers in health care careers that are involved in creating a picture of the health status of the patient at a single point in time. • • • • • • • • Communicating oral and written information Assessing patient’s health status Moving and positioning patients safely and efficiently Explaining procedures and goals Preparing for procedures Performing diagnostic procedures Evaluating test results Reporting required information Health Informatics Services Cluster Standards Knowledge and skills required of workers in health care careers that are involved with the documentation of patient care. • • • • • • Communicating information accurately within legal boundaries Analyzing information Abstracting and coding medical records and documents Designing and/or implementing effective information systems Documenting information Understanding operations to enter, retrieve and maintain information Examples of actual medical record mistakes: “Discharge status: Alive but without permission.” “The patient lives at home with his mother, father, and pet turtle, who is presently enrolled in day care three times a week.” Support (Environmental) Services Cluster Knowledge and skills required of workers in health care careers that are involved with creating a therapeutic environment to provide direct or indirect patient care. • Developing and implementing the administration, quality control, compliance regulations of a health care facility • Maintaining a clean and safe environment through aseptic techniques • Managing resources • Maintaining an aesthetically appealing environment Biotechnology Research and Development Standards Knowledge and skills required of workers in health care careers that are involved in bioscience research and development, including: • • • • • • Comprehending how biotechnology contributes to health and quality of life Developing a strong foundation in math and science principles Performing biotechnology techniques Understanding and following laboratory protocols and principles Working with product design and development Complying with bioethical policies National Consortium of Health Science Education – Career Clusters • Therapeutic Services • Diagnostic Services • Health Informatics • Support Services • Biotechnology and Development Therapeutic Services • Workers in therapeutic services use a variety of treatments to help patients in direct patient care. • Examples of places of employment: • • • • • • • • Rehabilitation services Hospitals and Clinics Mental health Facilities Daycare Facilities Long term care facilities Home health care agencies Schools Government agencies Dental Careers • Focus on health of the teeth and soft tissues of the mouth • Places of employment include: • • • • • • • • Private offices Laboratories Clinics Dental departments in hospitals Schools Health departments Government agencies Research facilities/Dental device/supply companies Dental Careers • Dental Assistant/Certified Dental Assistant (DA, CDA) • Prep patients, pass instruments, prep dental materials for procedures, take xrays, teach preventive care, sterilize instruments and perform receptionist duties • Dental Laboratory Technicians, Certified Dental Lab Tech (DLT, CDLT) • Make and repair a variety of dental prostheses including dentures, crowns, bridges • Dental Hygienists, Licensed Dental Hygienists (DH, LDH) • Perform prelim exam of teeth and mouth, remove stains, deposits from teeth, take x-rays, apply treatments (fluoride) • Dentist, Doctor of Dental Medicine, Doctor or Dental Surgery (DMD or DDS) A look at dental hygiene • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SlOib4gYP08 Emergency Medical Services Careers • First Responder • First person to arrive at the scene of an injury, provides basic emergency care • Examples include police officers, security guards, fire department personnel • Certification course prepares individuals by teaching airway mgt, oxygen administration, bleeding control and CPR • Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) • Prehospital care to victims of accidents, injuries and sudden illnesses • Certification training provided as a non-degree course in technical/community colleges • Prep for employment in fire and police dept, rescue squads, ambulance services, and military • Paramedic • Associates degree program prepares in-depth assessment, advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), ECG interpretation, Endotracheal intubation, drug administration Medical Careers • Physician • Doctoral degree, 3-8 years of post-graduate training • State licensure • Board certification in specialty area • Physician Assistant, Certified Physician Assistant (PA, PA-C) • Bachelor’s degree + Master’s Degree • Registration, certification or licensure required in all states • Works under the supervision of physicians, performing physical exams, orders diagnostic tests, treat minor injuries, prescribe treatments and medications • Medical Assistant • • • • Prepares patients for exams- vital signs, medical history Assists with procedures and treatments Performs basic lab testing Performs secretarial and/or billing duties Physician’s Assistant • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V42RgIXx4rA Mental and Social Services Careers • Professionals who focus on helping people with mental or emotional disorders or those with developmental delays or mental impairments. • Places of employment include: • • • • • • • • • Hospitals or psychiatric hospitals Home health care agencies Public health departments Government agencies Crisis or counseling centers Drug and alcohol treatment centers Crisis or counseling centers Prisons Long term care facilities Mental Health and Social Services Careers • Psychiatrists • Doctoral degree, 2-7 years postgraduate training • State licensure • Prescribes medications • Psychologist, Doctor of Psychology (PhyD) • Bachelor’s or master’s degree • Licensure or certification required in all states • Psychiatric Mental Health Technicians • • • • Associate’s degree Help patients and families follow treatment and rehabilitation plans Provide understanding and encouragement Assist with physical care, observe and report behavior Mental Health and Social Services Career • Social Workers • Aid people who have difficulty coping with various problems by making referrals to community resources • Specialties include child welfare, geriatrics, family and correctional • Places of employment can be hospitals, clinics, schools, prisons, home health agencies • Genetic Counselors • Provide information to individuals and families on genetic diseases or inherited conditions • Research the risk for occurrence of disease or birth defect, identify medical options and help individuals cope with psychological issues Mortuary Careers • Services that include preparation of the body, performance of a ceremony and cremation or burial of the remains. • Places of employment include: • • • • Funeral homes Mortuaries Crematoriums Cemetery associations Mortuary Careers • Funeral Director • • • • AKA mortician, undertaker, Associate’s or Bachelor’s degree Provider support to survivor Make arrangements for ceremonies Prepare the body following legal requirements • Embalmers • • • • Prepare the body for internment by washing with germicidal soap Replaces the blood with embalming fluid to preserve the body Reshapes and restructures disfigurements Applies cosmetics to create a natural appearance • Mortuary Assistants • Assist with prep of the body • May drive the hearse to pick up the body after death or take it to the burial site • Assists with paper work Nursing Careers • Provide direct patient care as directed by physicians • Care focused on mental, emotional and physical needs of the patient • Places of employment include: • • • • • • • • • • Hospitals Long term care facilities Rehabilitation centers Physician’s offices Clinics Public health/ government agencies Home health agencies Insurance companies Schools Industry Nursing Careers • Registered Nurse (RN) • • • • Work under the direction of the physician Observes, assesses, reports patient needs Administers treatments and medications Teaches health care • Nurse Practitioner, Certified Nurse Practitioner (NP, CNP) • • • • Advanced Practice Nurse, similar to PA Performs physical examinations Orders lab test and other procedures Establishes treatment plans, prescribes medications Nursing Careers • Nurse Midwife, Certified Nurse Midwife (NM, CNM) • • • • Provides total care for normal pregnancies Performs routine tests Teaches childbirth and child care classes Monitors the infant and mother during child birth, delivery of the infant • Nurse educator • Teaches patients, students, general population nursing/healthcare education • Examples: Nursing instructor at a university, Diabetes educator • Nurse Anesthetist, Certified Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) • Administers anesthesia and monitors patients during surgery • Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) • Specializes in a specific area of nursing, such as ICU, Psychiatry, Pediatrics, neonatology, gerontology Nursing Careers • Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) • Works under the supervision of a physician or RN • Type of care determined by the work environment – home care, hospital, long term care, physician’s office • Nursing assistant, Certified Nursing Assistant (NA, CNA) • Provide care such as baths, feeding, transferring, ambulation • Home Health Care Assistant • Trained to work in a patient’s home and may perform additional duties such as meal prep or light housework • Medication Aides • Receive training to administer medications to residents in long term care facilities. Nutrition and Dietary Service Careers • Using knowledge of nutrition, workers promote wellness and optimum health by providing dietary guidelines used to treat various diseases • Places of employment include: • • • • • • • • • Hospitals Long term care facilities Child and adult day care facilities Wellness centers Schools Home care agencies Public health agencies Clinics Industry Dietary Services Careers • Dieticians, Registered Dieticians, Nutritionists (RD) • • • • Manage food service systems Assess patient’s or residents nutritional needs Plan menus Teach proper nutrition and special diets • Dietetic technicians, Registered Dietetic technicians (DT) • Working under supervision of a Dietician, plan menus, order foods, standardize and test recipes, assist in food prep • Dietetic Assistants (food service workers) • Assist with food prep and services • Help patient’s select menus, clean work areas • Assist other dietary workers Veterinary Careers • Focus on providing care to all types of animals, from house pets to livestock to wild life • Places of employment include: • • • • • • • • Animal hospitals Veterinarian offices Laboratories Zoos Farms Animal shelters Aquariums Fish and wildlife services Veterinary Careers • Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM or VMD) • Prevent, diagnose and treat disease and injuries in animals • 4 years of veterinary school after bachelor’s degree • Veterinary Technician or Veterinary Technologist • Technician is 2 year degree, Technologist is 4 year degree • Assists with the handling and care of animals • Collecting specimens, assist with surgery, perform lab tests, take x-rays, administer treatments • Veterinary Assistants • Feed, bathe, groom and exercise animals • Prepare animals for treatment, assist with exams • Clean and sanitize cages, exam tables and surgical areas Vision Services Careers • Provide care and treatmet for patient’s with vision disorders • Places of employment include: • • • • • • Offices Optical shops Department stores Hospitals Schools Government agencies Vision Services Careers • Ophthalmologists (MD) • Medical degree with 2-7 years post-graduate specialty training • Diagnose and treat eye diseases, perform surgery and correct vision problems and defects • Optometrists • 4 years of optometry degree • Diagnose and treat eye diseases but if surgery is needed, refers to the ophthalmologist • Ophthalmic medical technologists • Under the supervision of the ophthalmologist or optometrist, performs routine eye tests and measurements • Fits patients for contacts • Administers medications and treatments • Assists with eye surgery • Associate’s or Bachelor’s degree Vision Services Careers • Ophthalmic technician • • • • Associate’s degree Prepares patients for medical exams Takes measurements and performs basic tests Adjusts eye glasses, teaches eye exercises • Ophthalmic assistants • • • • On the job training Prepares patients for exams Measures visual acuity Performs receptionist duyies • Opticians • Associate’s degree • Make and fit eyeglasses or lenses as prescribed • Ophthalmic laboratory technicians • On the job training • Cut, grind, finish, polish and mount lenses used in eyeglasses, contact lenses and optical instruments Other Therapeutic Services Careers Rehabilitative Therapies Occupational Therapy (OT) • Master’s degree • Help people with physical, developmental, mental or emotional disabilities to overcome, correct or adjust to their particular problems. • Treatment is director toward helping patients acquire independence, regain lost function, adapt to disabilities and lead productive lives Occupational Therapy Assistant (OTA) • • • • • Associate’s Degree Help patient’s carry out programs of prescribed treatment Direct patients in arts and crafts, recreation or social events Help patients carry out rehabilitation activities and exercises Use games to develop balance and coordination Rehabilitative Therapies Physical Therapy (PT) • Master’s degree • Provides treatment to improve mobility and prevent or limit permanent disability of patients with disabling joint, bone muscle or nerve injuries • Treatment may include exercise, massage, heat, cold, water, light, electricity or ultrasound Physical Therapy Assistant (PTA) • • • • • Associate’s degree Help to carry out the plan made by the PT Perform exercises and massages Administer heat, cold, water Assist with ambulation What is the difference between OT/PT? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZaXsL25rUw0 Rehabilitative Therapies Speech/Language Pathologist • Master’s Degree • Identify, evaluate and treat patient’s with speech and language disorders • Help patient’s communicate as effectively as possible • Teach patients to cope with the problems created by speech impairments • Perform swallow evaluations and recommended diet consistency Other Therapeutic Careers Pharmacists – PharmD (Doctor of Pharmacy) • Dispense medications per written orders from physicians, dentists and other health care professionals • Provide information to health care providers and patients on drugs and how to use them • Ensure drug compatibility assess, plan and monitor drug usage Pharmacy Technician • OTJ training or associate’s degree • Working under the supervision of pharmacists • Help prepare medications for dispensing to patients- labeling, inventory, order supplies Other Therapeutic Careers Respiratory Therapist, Registered Respiratory Therapist (RT, RRT) • 2 or 4 year degree • Treat patients with heart and lung diseases by administering oxygen, gases or medications • Use exercise to improve breathing • Monitors ventilators and performs respiratory function tests Respiratory Therapy Technicians • Works under the supervision of a respiratory therapist • Administers respiratory treatments, performs basic testing • Cleans and maintains equipment Last 2…. Surgical Technologist/Technician • Certification program or associates degree • Set up instruments and equipment for surgery • Assist during surgery by passing instruments and supplies Perfusionist • Bachelor’s degree • Members of open heart surgery team who operate the heart-lung bypass machine • Monitors blood gases and vital signs • Administers blood products, anesthetic agents and drugs Diagnostic Services Careers Diagnostic service workers create a picture of the health status of a patient at a single point in time by performing tests or evaluations. Places of employment include: • • • • • • Hospital laboratories Reference laboratories Doctors’ offices Outpatient centers Government agencies Research facilities Diagnostic Careers – Laboratory Medical Laboratory Technologist (MT) • Bachelor’s degree, works under an MD called a pathologist • Performs tests on blood and body fluids • Can specialize in microbiology, hematology, blood bank, chemistry, histology (study of tissues) Medical Laboratory Technician (MLT) • 2 year associate’s degree, works under the supervision of the MT • Performs basic laboratory testing • Prepares specimens for testing Phlebotomist • Certificate or OTJ training • Perform blood collections for laboratory testing Diagnostic Careers - Radiology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-P6U9RAtMA Diagnostic Careers – Radiology Radiologic Technologist • Use x-ray, radiation, nuclear medicine, ultrasound and magnetic resonance to diagnose and treat disease. • Can specialize in certain areas of treatment for example: • Radiographers- take x-rays for diagnostic treatment • Radiation therapists – administer prescribed doses of radiation to treat disease • Nuclear medicine technologist – Prepare radioactive substances for administration to patients and use imaging to determine how the substances are processed by the body Diagnostic Careers – Radiology Radiologic Technologist Specialties: • Ultrasound technologist or diagnostic medical sonographers – Use ultrasound to create images of what is going on in the body • Mammographer – Uses a mammography machine to produce images of the breast • Computerized tomography (CT) technologist – Uses a CT scanner to obtain cross-sectional images of the body • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologist – Uses superconductive magnets and radiowaves to produce detailed images of internal anatomy • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) technologist – Injects slightly radioactive substance to the patient and then using a pet scanner can produce 3D images of body parts Health Informatics Careers Workers are involved with documentation of patient records and health information. Places of employment include: • • • • • • • • Hospitals Clinics Research centers Health departments Long term care facilities Colleges Law firms Insurance companies Health Informatics Careers Health Information Administrators • Develop and manage the systems for storing and obtaining information from records • Preparing for legal action and insurance claims • Compile statistics for organizations and government agencies Health Information Technicians • Associate’s degree • Manage health records and release of information Medical Transcriptionists • 1 year technical program, associate’s degree or OTJ training • Transcribe data recorded by physicians or other health care professionals into written reports Health Informatics Careers Admitting clerks • Typically technical education • Responsible for obtaining necessary information to admit a patient to facility including demographics, insurance information Unit Secretary or Health Unit Coordinator (HUC) • • • • 1 or more years technical education program Record information on records Schedule procedures or tests Answer phones, order tests and supplies Medical interpreters/translators • • • • Associate, bachelor’s or master’s degree Assist care providers in converting one language to another Must be proficient in relaying concepts and ideas between languages Interpreters convert spoken words, translators convert written words Support Services Careers Work to create a therapeutic environment to provide direct or indirect patient care. Health Care Administrators • Master’s or doctoral prepared, sometimes bachelor’s degree • Plan, direct, coordinate and supervise the delivery of health care and managed operations of the facility • Responsible for personnel, budgeting, finance, public relations, etc Central Supply Workers • Certificate program or OTJ training • Involved in ordering, maintaining and supplying equipment and supplies to departments • Sterilize instruments or supplies and maintain inventory Support Services Careers Biomedical Engineers • Bachelor’s degree • Work in hospitals, research facilities or biomedical equipment companies • Design and build systems that can be used for diagnostic tests, analyzing blood, monitoring patients Biomedical Technicians • Associate or bachelor’s degree • Maintain and inspect equipment that is used to diagnose, treat and monitor patients • Install, test, service and repair equipment Housekeeping workers or Environmental Services worker • OTJ training • Help to maintain the cleanliness of the health care facility to provide a pleasant, sanitary environment Biotechnology Research and Development Careers Workers who use living cells from humans, animals plants and microorganisms and their molecules to make useful products. Products created can be used to produce: • • • • • • Diagnostic tests Treatments Medications Vaccines Methods to clean environmental contamination Food products Biotechnology Research and Development Careers Biological or Medical Scientists • Bachelor’s, master’s or doctoral degree • Can work as biochemists, microbiologists, physiologists, forensic science or biophysicists Biotechnology Engineers • Bachelor’s or master’s degree • Use engineering knowledge to develop solutions to complex medical problems • Have developed devices such as cardiac pacemakers, blood oxygenators, defibrillators, artificial organs Biotechnology Research and Development Careers Biological technicians • Associate or bachelor’s degree • Work under the supervision of a biotech scientist or engineer • Assist in the development, testing, and manufacturing of biotech devices, procedures, technology Process technicians • Associate’s or bachelor’s degree • Operate and monitor machinery used to produce biotechnology products Forensic science technicians • Associate, bachelor’s or master’s degree • Investigate crimes by collecting and analyzing physical evidence