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Classification Diversity Among Organisms There is a huge variety of living things on the earth. • Scientists needed to come up with a way of putting plants and animals into groups, based on similarities between them. • This is known as classification. Classification • Classification: a method of grouping or categorising living things, based on similarities of structure and function. • The practice of classification by scientists is known as taxonomy. The Beginning of Classification Carl Linnaeus introduced classification of organisms in the 1700s. How Classification Works… King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup http://destinationofmarvel.blogspot.com/2011/05/classification-of-plants-and-animals.html Binomial Naming System • Lineaus also introduced the binomial naming system to name plants and animals. • All organisms are named by their genus and species. Binomial Name Homo sapien Panthera pardus Felis domestica Canis familiaris Common Name Human Leopard Cat Dog The Difference Between Genus and Species Problems with Linneaus’ System Five Kingdom System A five kingdom system was then introduced by Robert Whittaker in 1969. Even more recently…. • Scientists have decided to divide the Monera kingdom into two different kingdoms – Bacteria and Archaea. • This means there are now six kingdoms: – Bacteria – Archaea – Protista – Fungi – Plants – Animals The Full Picture These six kingdoms have now been placed into three different domains. The Domains and Kingdoms The 3 Domains Bacteria Archaea Bacteria Archaea Protista Eukarya Fungi The 6 Kingdoms Plants Animals The Six Kingdoms Kingdom Bacteria Examples Salmonella Archaea Sulfolobus Protista Amoeba Fungi Yeast Animals Plants http://plantphys.info/organismal/lechtml/archaea.shtml (1) Bacteria Kingdom Features: • Unicellular (only one cell) • Prokaryotic cells (2) Archaea Kingdom Features: • Unicellular • Prokaryotic • Cell membranes made from different substances to bacterial cells • Often found in salty water and hot springs http://www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/about-microbiology/introducing-microbes/archaea (3) Protists Kingdom Features: • Unicelluar • Eukaryotic Cells Example: Amoeba (4) Fungi Kingdom Features: • Mainly multicellular • Eukaryotic • Cannot make their own food (absorptive) Example: yeast (5) Animal Kingdom Features: • Multicelluar • Eukaryotic • Cannot make own food (ingestive) E.g. Phyla E.g. Organisms Molluscs Snail, octopus, scallop Arthropods Insects, spiders Chordates Mammals (e.g. humans) (6) Plant Kingdom Features: • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Can make own food (photosynthetic) E.g. Phyla E.g. Organisms Thallophytes Bryophytes Pteriodophytes Spermatophytes Algae (seaweed) Mosses, liverwort ferns seed producing plants (e.g. sunflower) A Closer Look at the Arthropod Phylum Features: • Live on land and in water • Possess an exoskeleton • Bilaterally symmetrical • Jointed limbs Arthropoda – Four Main Groups Insects Crustaceans Arthropods Arachnids Myriapoda Arthropoda – Class Insects Features: • Live on land • Body divided into head, thorax and abdomen • The thorax has 3 pairs of legs • The head has a pair of antennae Examples: Cockroach Grasshopper Lice Bee Wasp Arthropoda – Class Crustaceans Features • Mainly found in water • Body divided into head, thorax & abdomen but head and thorax can be difficult to distinguish • The head has 5 appendages, including 2 pairs of antennae. Examples: crabs prawns lobsters woodlice Arthropoda – Class Arachnid Features: • Usually found on land, some in water • Body divided into 2 main regions, head and thorax • The thorax has 4 pairs of legs Examples: Spiders Scorpions Mites Arthropoda – Class Myriopoda Features: • Found on land • Elongated narrow body, • divided into little segments • Several pairs of legs • One pair of antennae Examples: Centipede (each segment has 1 pair legs) Millipede (each segment has 2 pairs legs) Chordata – Five Main Groups Fish/Pisces Amphibians Chordata Mammals Reptile Birds/Aves