Download Organ Systems

Chapter 1
Introduction to Human Anatomy and
Physiology
In 2007, Kati Mori took part in the London Marathon – her fourth,
and the hottest on record, with temperatures peaking at 75 F.
Conscious of the repeated advice to maintain fluid intake, she took
frequent drinks at the water stations along the route.
By the 18th mile, Kati felt bad
but was determined to finish.
Near the end, she needed help
from other runners to stay
upright; hours later she was in
the hospital suffering from
severe diarrhea, headache,
vomiting and increasing
confusion with her legs
endlessly mimicking a running
motion. “I thought I was still in
the marathon,” she says.
What’s the difference?
Anatomy – the structure of body parts
Physiology – the function of the body parts; what
they do and how they do it
Characteristics of Human Life
1. Movement - self initiated change in position, motion of
internal parts
2. Responsiveness (irritability) – reaction to change inside
or outside of body
3. Growth - increase in body size
4. Reproduction – production of offspring (sexual or
asexual)
5. Respiration - Obtaining O2, releasing CO2, & releasing
energy from foods
6. Digestion – breaking down food to be used by body
7. Absorption - Passage of digested products through
membranes and into body fluids
8. Circulation - Movement of substances throughout the
body
9. Assimilation - Changing absorbed substances into
chemically different substances
10. Excretion - Removal of wastes
Metabolism
All chemical changes that occur in the body to
maintain life
Bodily needs- Oxygen, water, food, heat, pressure
**How long can you live without these?
Rule of 3s:
~3-8 min serious brain damage (no oxygen), 3 days (no water), 3 weeks (no
food)
Homeostasis = tendency of the body to maintain a
stable, balanced, internal environment. “Sameness”
●Axial Portion - head, neck, trunk
●Appendicular Portion - arms & legs
Body Cavities
Dorsal = back side
Ventral = front side
Thoracic = chest (heart, trachea, lungs..)
Abdomen = stomach area (spleen, intestines)
Pelvic = lower abdomen (bladder, reproductive organs)
Diaphragm: Separates the thoracic and abdominal region
When Kati arrived at the hospital and doctors
began to collect information, they discovered that
she weighed 128 lbs. Oddly, when she checked
in to the race, she weighed 126 lbs.
The doctor
suggests that
Kati might have
“hyponatremia.”
What do you
think that is?
In cases of water intoxication, it
is extreme hyponatremia that
can ultimately cause coma and
death. If it's caught early,
treatment with IV fluids
containing electrolytes can lead
to a complete recovery; but
untreated, hyponatremia is fatal.
The doctor orders a drug that
increases urination. Kati is
able to clear the extra water
from her body and recovers.
How does Kati’s story
relate to
HOMEOSTASIS?
MEMBRANES
Serous Membrane - two
layers, covers organ
•Outer layer = parietal
•Inner layer = visceral (lines the
organs)
Serous fluid – lubricating
fluid found between
layers of the membrane
Types of Serous Membranes
Pleural = around lungs
Pericardium = around heart
Peritoneum = around organs in abdominopelvic region
Visceral Pleura
Parietal Pleura
LUNGS
Visceral and Parietal
membranes are part of
the same structure.
Visceral is towards the
organ and Parietal is
toward the outside
Visceral Pericardium
Parietal Pericardium
HEART
Visceral Peritoneum
Parietal Peritoneum
INTESTINES
Become the Expert
• Get into pairs/groups of 2-3 students.
• Each pair will become the “expert” of one of the 11 major organ
systems
• You will have 10 minutes to research your system, and be
prepared to clearly explain the following:
- Function of system
- Organs within system
- Location
- How it interacts with other body systems
- How it works
Everyone else will take brief notes on each system
Organ Systems
For each organ system, describe its function and some of the
major organs found in each system.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Digestive
Respiratory
Urinary
Reproductive
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position = standing erect, face
forward, arms at side, palms facing forward
*Study and learn the following terms*
1. Superior
2. Inferior
3. Anterior
4. Posterior
5. Medial
6. Lateral
7. Proximal
8. Distal
9. Superficial
10. Deep
Interactive Lesson:
https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/natural-science/lifescience/ap15305/anatomical-terminology-relative-position
Relative Term Practice
On your own sheet of scratch paper, write 10 statements using
each of the relative anatomical descriptions.
1. Superior
2. Inferior
3. Anterior
4. Posterior
5. Medial
6. Lateral
7. Proximal
8. Distal
9. Superficial
10. Deep
What doesn’t belong?
1. Abdominal cavity
stomach
eye
liver
2. Front
dorsal
anterior
ventral
3. Caudal
epigastric
umbilical
hypogastric
4. Thoracic
abdominopelvic
cranial
superficial
5. Coronal
sagittal
deep
transverse
6. Dorsal cavity
thoracic cavity
cranial cavity
spinal cavity
7. Stomach
urinary bladder
reproductive organs
rectum
8. Medial
proximal
lateral
sagittal
9. Anterior
back
posterior
dorsal
10. Homeostasis
anterior
superior
dorsal