Download Deinococcus

Phylogenetic Tree of Bacteria
Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus
represent radioactive resistant bacteria of the Deinococcaceae and
Trueperaceae family and slightly thermophilic/thermophilic bacteria of
Thermaceae family
have been recognized solely on the basis of their branching patterns in
16S rRNA, no biochemical or physiological characteristic is currently known
that is unique to this phylum.
all members have outer membrane and stain gram-negative while others
have outer membrane and also thick peptidoglycan layer that cause them
stain gram-positive
widely distributed proteins in this phylum include 8 proteins : seryl-tRNA
synthetase, threonyltRNA synthetase, RNA polymerase β′ subunit, signal
recognition particle protein Ffh/SR54, major sigma factor 70, ribosomal
protein L1 and UvrA.
Taxonomy
Genus
Deinobacter
Family
Deinococcaceae
Genus
Deinococcus
Order
Deinococcales
Family
Truperaceae
Phylum
DeinococcusThermus
Genus Truepera
Marinithermus
Class Deinococci
Meiothermus
Order Thermales
Family
Thermaceae
Oceanithermus
Thermus
So far there are 49 species and subsp.
Vulcanithermus
Phylogenetic Tree based on 16S rRNA analysis
Genus Deinobacter
(Dei. no. bac’ter. Gr. adj. deinos strange or unusual; M.L. n.
bucter masculine equivalent of Gr. neut. n. bacterium a rod;
M.L. masc. n. Deinobacter unusual rod
Genus Deinococcus
Deinococcus unusual cocci
Famous species :
Deinococcus radiodurans
• potential for sewage treatment on long space flights, there is also speculation
that we can use this bacteria in environmental engineering of Martian surface.
• producing synthetic organism Mycoplasma laboratorium by Craig Venter
Institute (2006) because the DNA repair system of D.radiodurans is capable of
joining fragments of DNA.
• Information storage that survive nuclear catastrophe. Information is translated
into DNA sequences and inserted into the bacteria (2003).
Deinococcus radiodurans
• listed in Guinness Book of World Records as the world’s
toughest bacterium
• can survive drought, lack of nutrients and a thousand times
more radiation than a person can stand.
• radiodurans means ‘withstands radiation’
• is the most radiation resistant organism known.
• have a DNA repair system known as RecA system that is highly
effective in repairing damaged DNA
Application of Deinococcus radiodurans
• in Environmental cleanup – for sites contaminated with heavy metal, such as
mercury, toxic chemicals and radioactive wastes.
• simulation to predict where to search life on Mars – because this bacteria was
found in Antarctic dry valleys which closely resemble Mars
Genus Truepera
• Named in honor of the German microbiologist Hans G. Truper
• from a hot spring within a geothermal area located along an
almost vertical wall and dry bed of a stream
Characteristics
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Gram indeterminate
Colonies are orange/red pigmented
Endospores are not formed
Alkaliphilic
Slightly thermophilic
Slightly halophilic
mole G + C of the DNA of the type species is 67–68%.
Truepera radiovictrix
ra.di.o.vic trix. L. n. radius, beam, N. L. prefix radio- pertaining to
radiation, L. fem. n. victrix, female winner, N. L. fem. n. radiovictrix, the
vanquisher of radiation
• forms spherical shaped cells 1.25–2.0 lm
in diameter
• The cells stain Gram-indeterminate
• Not motile
• Colonies are orange/red pigmented
• Extremely ionizing radiation resistant
• Facultatively halophilic
• mole G + C ratio of the DNA is 67.6–67.8%
Genus Vulcanithermus
• Vul.ca.ni.ther9mus. L. n. Vulcanus the Roman god of fire; Gr. adj.
thermos hot; N.L. masc. n. Vulcanithermus heat-loving organism,
living in the vicinity of volcanic areas
• from the Rainbow deep-sea hydrothermal vent field
Characteristics
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non-motile
Gram-negative rods
Moderately thermophilic
Neutrophilic
Adapted to the salinity of sea water
Microaerophilic
Capable of aerobic growth
Able to utilize a broad range of carbohydrates, some
proteinaceous substrates, organic acids and alcohols
• Capable of anaerobic growth with nitrate, which is reduced to
nitrite
Vulcanithermus mediatlanticus
me.di.at.lanti.cus. L. adj. medius middle; L. masc. adj. atlanticus
Atlantic; N.L. adj. mediatlanticus from the middle of the Atlantic
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Optimal growth temperature is 70 C
The optimal pH is around 6,7.
The optimum salinity is 3% NaCl.
The G+C content of the DNA of
the type species is 68,4 mol%.
Genus Oceanithermus
• O.ce.a.ni.thermus. L. n. oceanus the ocean; Gr. fem. n. therme
heat; N.L. masc. n. Oceanithermus warmth-loving organism living
in the ocean
• isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent
Characteristics
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non-motile
Gram-negative rods
Moderate thermophile
Neutrophile
Adapted to the salinity of sea water
Microaerophile
Flagella and spores are not observed
Oceanithermus profundus
(pro.fundus. L. gen. n. profundus of the abyss, the depths of the ocean
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The optimal growth temperature is 60 C.
The optimal pH is 7,5
The optimum salinity is 30 g/L
The G+C content of the DNA
of the type strain is 62,9 mol%
Meiothermus
Banyak ditemukan pada
teresterial hotspring dengan pH
netral atau basa.
Berasal dari bahasa Yunani
meion (sedikit) dan thermus
(panas)
Karakterisasi :
• diameter 0.5-0.8 um.
• Berfilamen, gram negatif, non-motil
• berwarna merah atau kuning
• respirasi aerobik, namun ada juga yang
menggunakan nitrat sebagai akseptor
elektron
• suhu optimum = 500C - 650C
pH optimum = 8
• menghidrolisis protein dan peptida
hanya beberapa spesies yang
menghidrolisis pati
•Membutuhkan yeast extract dan
kofaktor untuk tumbuh
• %GC = 59-70 mol %
Meiothermus slime
(www.biocenter.helsinki.fi)
Contoh Spesies :
•
Meiothermus ruber
 Koloni berwarna merah
 Temperatur pertumbuhan
optimum pada 60-650C. Tidak
tumbuh pada 700C
 Tidak menghidrolisis pati dan tidak
mereduksi nitrat
 % GC = 61-63%
Meiothermus ruber
(www.jgi.doe.gov/education/adoptagenome/index.html
• Meiothermus silvanus
 membentuk koloni merah
 pertumbuhan optimum pada 550C.
Tidak tumbuh pada 650C
 menghidrolisis pati dan mereduksi nitrat
 menggunakan xylose dan ribitol untuk
pertumbuhan
 % GC = 63.6 mol%
 kegunaan :
Biofouler (bakteri yang dapat
mendegradasi berbagai macam bahan,
seperti kertas, baja, dsb)
Meiothermus silvanus
(www.jgi.doe.gov/education/adoptagenome/index.html)
Marinithermus
•Banyak ditemukan pada
deep-sea hydrothermal vent
chimney
•Berasal dari kata marine
(laut) dan thermus (panas)
Karakterisasi :
• berbentuk batang, gram negatif,
heterotrof aerobik
• thermophilic
• pertumbuhan cocok pada pH dan
salinitas air laut
• kondisi optimum :
Suhu = 55-700C
pH = 6.2 - 7.7
Salinitas = 1- 4.5% NaCl
• dapat menggunakan substrat organik,
asam amino, asam karboksilat, dan gula
• % GC = 68 mol %
Contoh Spesies :
• Marinithermus hydrothermalis
 gram negatif, non-motil, batang
 Ukuran : 7.5-9.4 x 0.9-1 um
 koloni putih dengan diameter 2.5-3 mm
 serobic, thermophilic, neutrophilic
heterotrof
 kondisi optimum :
suhu : 67.50C
pH : 7
salinitas : 3% NaCl
 % GC = 68.6 mol%
Marinithermus hydrothermalis
(Sako, 2003)
THERMUS
• Ditemukan pada habitat thermal
seperti thermal spring, hot tap
water, dsb
• nama Thermus berasal dari
bahasa Yunani, thermos, yang
berarti panas
KARAKTERISASI :
• batang dan filamen, diameter 0.8-0.8 um
• gram negatif. Tidak memiliki endospora dan
flagella
• koloni kuning padat
• tidak butuh faktor untuk pertumbuhan
• kondisi optimum :
Suhu : 70-720C
pH : 7.5 – 7.8
• sensitif terhadap streptomycin, penicillin,
novobyocin, actinomycin D, chloramphenicol
• % GC = 65.4-67.4 mol %
Thermus aquaticus
(Brock, 1969)
Contoh Spesies :
• Thermus aquaticus
 nama Thermus aquaticus berasal
dari bahasa latin, aqua, yang berarti
air.
 terinhibisi oleh tryptone dan
yeast extrast dengan konsentrasi 1%
 membentuk microbial mat
 koloni kuning, gram negatif, nonmotil, berbentuk batang
 sensitif pada actinomycin D
 utilitas : sumber enzim DNA Taq
poltmerase, Taq I restriction
enzyme, RNA polymerase,
aldolase
Thermus aquaticus
(Brock, 1969)
References
Brock TD, Freeze H. 1969. Thermus aquaticus gen. n. and sp. n., a Nonsporulating Extreme
Thermophile. J Bacteriol 98 : 289-297.
Griffith E, Gupta RS. 2007. Identification of signature proteins that are distinctive of the
Deinococcus-Thermus phylum. Int Microbiol 10:201-208.
Hobel, CFV. 2004. Access to Biodiversity and New Genes from Thermophiles by Special Enrichment
Methods. [Dissertation]. Iceland : University of Iceland.
Luciana A, Catarina S, Fernanda N, Nicole MP, John RB, Manuel TS, Fred AR, Milton SC. 2005.
Truepera radiovictrix gen. nov., sp. nov., a new radiation resistant species and the
proposal of Trueperaceae fam. nov. FEMS Microbiol 247 : 161–169
Madigan MT, et. al. 2009. Brock’s Biology of Microorganisms. 12th edition. San Fransisco :
Benjamin Cummings.
Miroshnichenko ML, et. al. 2003. Vulcanithermus mediatlanticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member
of the family Thermaceae from a deep-sea hot vent. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53 : 1143–
1148.
Miroshnichenko ML, et. al. 2003. Oceanithermus profundus gen. nov., sp. nov.,a
thermophilic,microaerophilic,
facultatively
chemolithoheterotrophic
bacterium
from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53 : 747–752
Nobre MF, Truper HG, Costa MS. 1996. Transfer of Thermus ruber Themus silvanus, and Themus
chliarophilus to Meiothemzus gen. nov. as Meiothermus ruber comb.nov.,
Meiothermus silvanus comb. nov., and Meiothermus chliarophilus comb.nov.,
and
Emendation of the Genus Thermus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 46 : 604-606.
Oyaizu H, et. al. 1987. A Radiation Resistant Rod-Shaped Bacterium, Deinobacter grandis
gen.nov., sp. nov., with Peptidoglycan Containing Ornithine. Int J Syst Bacteriol 37:62-67
Rainey FA, et. al. 1997. Phylogenetic Diversity of the Deinococci as Determined by 16S Ribosomal
DNA Sequence Comparison. Int J Syst Bacteriol 47 (2) : 510-514.
Sako Y, Nakagawa S, Takai K, Horikoshi K. 2003. Marinithermus hydrothermalis gen. nov., sp.
nov.,a strictly aerobic, thermophilic bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney.
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53 : 59-65.
Salkiloja-Salonen M, Peltolla M, Kuosmanen T. 2006. Biofouling Bacteria. [online]
www.biocenter.helsinki.fi/.../page4.htm. [13 October 2009].
Anonim1. 2009. What is The Adopt A Genome Program? [online].
www.jgi.doe.gov/education/adoptagenome/index.html. [13 October 2009].
Anonim2. 2006. Detection and quantitation of colored deposit-forming Meiothermus spp. in
paper industry processes and end products. Electr J Microbiol Biotech 34 (3). 211p. [online].
http://www.springerlink.com/content/b5162m28018q5332/. Issued March 2007 [13
October 2009]
Anonim3. 2009. Texas Geothermal Energy. http://www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/Images/re_geohotspring.jpg. Tanggal akses : 13 Oktober 2009
Anonim4. 2009. Hydrothermal Vent. http://i.treehugger.com/images/2007/10/24/deepea%20hydrothermal%2 0vent-jj-001.jpg. Tanggal akses : 13 Oktober 2009