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Shakespeare: His Life and Times Adapted from http://www.public.asu.edu/~muckerrm/English_321_S2005/Introduction.ppt Early Life • • • • • (Probably) Born April 23, 1564 Died April 23, 1616 Lived in Stratford-upon-Avon, England He was the 3rd born of 8 children Parents: • Mary—daughter of wealthy landowner • John—glovemaker, local politician Location of Stratford-upon-Avon From: http://www.where-can-i-find.com/tourist-maps.html Stratford-upon-Avon in Shakespeare’s Time As reproduced in William Rolfe, Shakespeare the Boy (1896). Stratford-upon-Avon Today From Stratford’s web site: http://www.stratford-upon-avon.co.uk/index.htm Shakespeare’s Birthplace From: http://perso.wanadoo.fr/danielle.esposito/ Education • Thought to have attended King’s New School in Stratford • Left school at age 15 • Educated in: • Rhetoric • Logic • History • Latin King’s New School From: http://perso.wanadoo.fr/danielle.esposito/ Married Life • At 18, he married 26 year-old Anne Hathaway, who was pregnant at the time with their first daughter • First daughter was born in 1582 • They had twins in 1585 • Around 1587, they moved to London and William began working in theatre. Anne Hathaway’s Cottage From: http://perso.wanadoo.fr/danielle.esposito/ The Poet • He was first a successful poet, and published poetry in 1593 • Two major poems: • Venus and Adonis • Rape of Lucrece • 154 Sonnets • Nickname: The Bard of Avon The Actor • Member and later part-owner of an acting group called the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, later called the King’s Men • This successful group eventually decided to build a theatre that would bring together the social elite as well as common peasants… THE GLOBE THEATRE! The Playwright • 38 plays firmly attributed to Shakespeare: • 14 comedies • 10 histories • 10 tragedies • 4 romances • Collaborated on several others • Many of his plays were performed at the Globe Theatre The Globe Theatre The Globe Theatre • Built in 1598 by Lord Chamberlain’s Men, with Shakespeare as primary investor • Open-air, octagonal amphitheater that could seat up to 3000 • In 1613, the Globe burned down during a canon fire during Henry VII • It was rebuilt, only to be shut down by the Puritans in 1642 • The new and improved Globe Theatre opened in May 1997 thanks to Queen Elizabeth II! The Rebuilt Globe Theater, London Shakespeare’s Language • Shakespeare did NOT write in “Old English.” • Old English is the language of Beowulf (written in the 8th century): “Hwaet! We Gardena in geardagum Þeodcyninga Þrym gefrunon Hu ða æÞelingas ellen fremedon!” (Hey! We have heard of the glory of the Spear-Danes in the old days, the kings of tribes, how noble princes showed great courage!) Shakespeare’s Language • Shakespeare did NOT write in “Middle English.” • Middle English is the language of Chaucer, the Gawain-poet, and Malory (14th century): We redeth oft and findeth y-write— And this clerkes wele it wite— Layes that ben in harping Ben y-founde of ferli thing… (Sir Orfeo) Shakespeare’s Language • Shakespeare wrote in “Early Modern English.” • Shakespeare wrote most of his works in the late 16th century and into the early 17th century! • EME wasn’t very different from “Modern English,” and Shakespeare helped standardize the style of today’s language. Shakespeare’s Language • Shakespeare coined many words we still use today: • Critical • Majestic • Dwindle • And quite a few phrases as well: • One fell swoop • Flesh and blood • Vanish into thin air • With bated breath See http://www.wordorigins.org/histeng.htm Historical Context • The Renaissance -Cultural rebirth of Europe: music, art, lit -14th - 17th centuries • Elizabethan Age -Named after Queen Elizabeth I -Ruled from 1558 - 1603 -Her love and interest in the arts influenced the time period Elizabethan Theatrical Conventions No electricity = daytime only shows Women forbidden to act on stage No scene changes Minimal props & costume These factors influenced the performance. Soliloquy Aside Monologue Types of speech Dialogue Blood and gore Use of supernatural Scare tactics Use of disguises / mistaken identity Last speaker—highest in rank (in tragedies) Multiple murders (in tragedies) Multiple marriages (in comedies) Ultimately, Shakespeare delivered what would keep the audience intrigued: Controversial Topics Humor Sex / Sexuality Parties & Celebrations Deaths & Action