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Chapter 10: Sectional Conflict Intensifies American History Impact of Mexican War • With the new lands acquired from Mexico, the issue of slavery came into those territories • Representative David Wilmot proposed the lands be free of slavery or involuntary servitude ▫ Wilmot Proviso Outraged Southerners Democrats and Whigs voted for it, Senate would not vote on it • Senator Lewis Cass proposed a solution to the divide brought on by the slave debate ▫ Popular sovereignty (decision to permit slavery or not) Many supported the idea Election of 1848 • New parties emerged during this time ▫ Conscience Whigs (opposed slavery ▫ Cotton Whigs (supported slavery due to their ownership in North cloth factories) ▫ Free Soil Party (Conscience Whigs + anti-slavery Democrats + Liberty Party) • Runners ▫ Lewis Cass (Democrat)-supported popular sovereignty ▫ Martin Van Buren (Free Soil)supported Wilmot Proviso ▫ Zachary Taylor (Whig)-ignored the issue-won Taylor’s the boss • The issue of slavery came again once Taylor was inaugurated ▫ California’s admittance into the Union Gold Rush of 1849 • Taylor did not believe slavery needed to expand westward to survive ▫ Encouraged California to apply to the Union as a free state • California coming in as a free state place the Southern slave states as the minority ▫ Threatened to secede The Great Compromiser • To ease the tensions of the slave debate, Henry Clay proposed a compromise ▫ What did the pairs state? (pg. 323) ▫ Did anyone disagree with him? (pg. 323) ▫ Was it approved? (pg. 324) • Taylor unexpectedly died, and Vice President Millard Fillmore took the role as President ▫ Would later support and vote in the Compromise of 1850 Uncle Tom’s Cabin • The publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin sparked controversy in the South and outraged in the North ▫ Depicts the life of a slave (Tom) and his encounters with his overseer (Simon Legree) Brutal and violent ▫ Changed Northern views of African Americans and slavery The Fugitive Slave Act • Under this law: ▫ a person claiming an African American had escaped from slavery had only to point him out as a runaway for him to be taken to custody ▫ Accused runaway was brought before a commissioner, where a sworn statement or testimony from white witnesses were needed to send the accused down South ▫ Commissioners were given a $10 incentive to find the accused as a slave, and $5 to go the other way ▫ Required federal marshals to help track slaves, and appoint any person to help, or face jail time • Received opposition from the North, specifically for the appointment of Northerners as slave trappers ▫ Oppositions became public, violent, and frequent The Railroads • The Underground Railroad ▫ Informal, but well-organized system “Conductors” transported runaways in secret, giving them food and shelter, and sending them to the North and Canada, with money for a fresh start Most famous conductor-Harriet Tubman • The Transcontinental Railroad ▫ Supported by those who desired to expand westward ▫ Gadsden Purchase: purchasing of land from Mexico for destination points (Arizona and New Mexico) The Kansas-Nebraska Act • Senator Stephan Douglas desired to open the Great Plains for settlement ▫ Proposed to undo the Missouri Compromise and repeal slavery in the region ▫ Also proposed to divide the Missouri territory into two Nebraska would follow free Iowa; Kansas would follow slave Missouri • The Kansas-Nebraska Act had opponents from northerners and antislavery advocates, but was passed in 1854 Opposition towards Act • Public opposition grew from the Kansas-Nebraska Act ▫ Southerners and Northerners hurried into Kansas ▫ “Border ruffians” and antislavery settlers created two governments in Kansas Ruffians committed violent acts”Bleeding Kansas” ▫ Caning of Senator Charles Sumner, an abolitionist, by Representative Preston Brooks Formation of new parties • Due to disagreements with common issues, mainly slavery, new parties emerged ▫ Republicans: combination of former Northern Whigs and Free-Soilers Opposed slavery ▫ Know-Nothings and American Parties: Nativist Opposed immigration Election of 1856 • Republicans: John C. Fremont • Democrats: James Buchanan • Know-Nothings: Milliard Fillmore • What did each party represent? (pg. 334) • Where did each party have support? (pg. 334) • Who won ? (pg. 334) The Dred Scott Decision • Buchanan argued that the Supreme Court should decide slavery in territories • The Dred Scott Decision ▫ Who was Dred Scott? (pg. 334) ▫ What was the issue around the case? (pg. 334) ▫ Who won the case, and why? (pg. 335) Who supported the decisions? Who condemned it? (pg. 335) ▫ What is obiter dictum? (pg. 335) Lecompton Constitution • Buchanan urged Kansas to apply for statehood ▫ Pro-slavery delegates called for an election to a constitutional convention, but ant-slavery delegates boycotted it Constitution, drafted in Lecompton, legalized slavery with pro-slavery votes winning over anti-slavery votes • Another referendum (popular vote) was held ▫ Settlers voted against the constitution ▫ Kansas did not become a state until 1861 Lincoln’s coming…. • In 1858, the Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln to run against Stephan Douglas ▫ Lincoln opposed slavery and its expansion into the western territories ▫ Douglas supported popular sovereignty Freeport Doctrine: stated that he accepted the Dred Scott Decision, but that people could still keep slavery out by refusing to pass the laws needed to enforce it • Douglas won, but Lincoln made a reputation for himself Crazy John Brown and his raid • Fundamental abolitionist who believed God had appointed him to eliminate slavery • Planned and executed an insurrection on the federal arsenal in Harper’s Ferry • Arrested, tried, and executed for murder and treason • Northerners saw him as a martyr • Southerners took raid as proof that Northerners were plotting to murder slaveholders The Election of 1860 • The debate over slavery tore the Democratic Party apart, leaving two candidates: ▫ Stephan Douglas-Northern Democrats-supported popular sovereignty ▫ John Breckinridge-Southern Democrats-supported Dred Scott decision ▫ John Bell-Constitutional Partyformer Whigs-supported upholding constitution and Union • Because of the Democratic split, Lincoln won without support from the South Attempt to Compromise • Before being inaugurated, however, six Southern states (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas, seceded from the Union • Senator John Crittenden attempted to compromise with the South by making several amendments: Crittenden’s Compromise ▫ Guarantee slavery where it existed ▫ Return the Missouri Compromise lines and extend them to California border where slavery would be prohibited north of the line, and allowed south of the line Did not pass • Virginia proposed a peace conference ▫ No one came from the seceding states Forming the Confederacy • The seceding states met in Alabama to form the Confederacy, or the Confederate States of America ▫ Drafted a new constitution based mainly on the U.S. Constitution Declared each state independent and guaranteed slavery in those states Banned protective tariffs Limited president’s office to a single six-year term Elected Jefferson Davis as president The Civil War begins • Lincoln warned the Confederate States that he would protect the North from invasion, but try and make peace with the states • Davis heard that Fort Sumter was being resupplied, and decided to attack in order to get additional arms ▫ Confederates attacked on April 12th, 1861 ▫ Killed no one, except for one horse More states secede • Many did not want to secede, but faced with the prospect of a civil war, had no other choice ▫ Virginia seceded first, then Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee followed • Lincoln ordered martial law, or military authority, in Maryland in order to protect it from seceding • Lincoln worried about Kentucky and Missouri seceding ▫ Promised to leave Kentucky neutral if Confederates did the same ▫ Kentucky was invaded by Confederates; state split due to siding with both Union and Confederates ▫ Missouri sympathized with the Confederates, but voted against secession ▫ Missouri was held to the Union’s cause, despite opposition from pro-secession leaders