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A PROGRAMME FOR IMPROVING LAND GOVERNANCE TRANSPARENCY IN ETHIOPIA Christopher Tanner Mokoro Ltd, Oxford, UK Tigistu Gebremeskel Abza Director, Land Use and Administration Department Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa Overview Ethiopia has been the focus of criticisms of its land governance performance in recent years Tensions and open conflict in 2016 included land-related causes as land has been expropriated for new projects and to accommodate expanding urban boundaries A recent report by a DAI-led consortium has however identified some positive trends and opportunities to change the approach An analysis of these trends and opportunities has resulted in development of a Plan to Improve Transparency in Land Governance The Plan combines: Measures addressing land administration challenges Land governance within an inclusive development strategy Promoting dialogue and consensus building leading to new measures included in the 3rd Growth and Transformation Plan Context Political economy of land governance and rural development defined by five key elements: Land ownership vested in ‘State and peoples of Ethiopia’ A dynamic and rapidly growing market economy, driving demand for land near cities and transport routes 60 percent of population still dependent on land for basic livelihoods Government with a strong ‘development-state’ approach and transformational agenda (large scale agriculture/ smallholder development with industrialization) Weak institutional capacity at all levels leads to poor governance and decision making, impacting on women and vulnerable groups especially Transparency report Problems in recent years Large scale land allocations Pastoralist rights etc. Recent tensions evidence of things not going well BUT….signs of positive changes and opportunities Second Level Land Certification (SLLC) is progressing with full Government commitment (LIFT/REILA, others) New Rural Land Administration being developed (LIFT/REILA) Land legislation allowing greater flexibility in use of land Government aware of LSLA problems - open to new approach €3.8 million EU/GIZ project (VGGT and PRAI principles) Willingness to engage with stakeholders and CBOs Some signs of shifting position on pastoralist rights More stakeholder engagement (EthioLandNet etc) LGAF and other research LGAF Negative impact of very weak land administration capacity This creates space for poor decision making and corruption Evidence that women and vulnerable group rights are still at risk from unequal gender and power relations Supports conclusions that legal framework provides elements for a more participatory sustainable approach Substantial body of national expertise already available OTHER RESEARCH (OFFICIAL INVESTMENT DATA, GTP ASSESSMENT) Most investment in range up to 500 HA, and domestic Need sustained improvement in data quality/analysis/publicity ‘Go beyond the dichotomy of large versus small and look instead at new ways of combining the two’ (Ali & Deininger 2016) LSLAs underperforming; better due diligence etc. Policy environment 1 GTP2 – Five year Growth and Transformation Plan (2015-19) AGRARIAN TRANSFORMATION Smallholder crop production main source of sector growth Educational investment in young people including agriculture Provide domestic support for national and foreign investors LINK TO INDUSTRIALISATION PROGRAMME (JOBS, INPUTS) LAND Land access critical (3.1 mn HA to investors by 2019/20) Focus on domestic small and medium investor (100-5000 ha) Educational investment in young people including agriculture Provide domestic support for national and foreign investors LINK TO INDUSTRIALISATION PROGRAMME (JOBS, INPUTS) Policy environment 2 URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND RURAL LAND Focus still on expropriation (look for alternatives) Very poor compensation No regulatory guide for process of planning/land acquisition New project - urban land administration and land for housing Needs regulatory reform and support to process issues NEW LARGE SCALE COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE (LSCA) STRATEGY Focus on raw material supply to national industry Address ‘livelihood protection and community development’ Smallholder transformation ‘as the dominant supply source’ Shift from LSLA to agri-business and value chain approach Incentives to work with local farmers / inclusive models BUT…State as ‘owner’ still gets lease income, with focus on investor transaction costs instead of local benefits Opportunities to promote change ADDRESS LAND ADMINISTRATION CONSTRAINTS Build upon SLLC achievements and get RLAS working Equity and justice issues (gender, vulnerable groups) Improve data analysis and publicity (use of data) Urban land administration and regulatory reforms LAND GOVERNANCE WITHIN AN INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT MODEL What can be done with the Holding Right (LIFT EEU, etc) Investor – smallholder relationships (‘beyond the dichotomy’) Extend this approach to LSLAs and pastoralist/communal areas (align with and reinforce EU/GIZ project at EAILA) Encourage trend to more open discussion/stakeholder engagement Promote shift from a plan mentality to seeing land use planning as a tool to manage relationships between different land users PLAN COMPONENTS 1 LAND ADMIN FOR CHANGE & DEVELOPMENT FARMERS WANT TO USE SYSTEM GENDER & VG ANALYSIS & K.M. 2 URBAN / RURAL SHIFT – INSTITUTIONS, POLICY, CAPACITY $ 3 INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT: FARMERS/LOCAL GOVERMENT INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT 4 INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT: PRIVATE INVESTMENT MODELS “WIN-WIN” FEEDBACK POLICY 5 DIALOGUE: LAND & DEVELOPMENT FORUM APPROVAL 6 SUSTAINABILITY: REVENUES, BUDGET, H.R. Summary THE PLAN DOES NOT TACKLE DEEPER STRUCTURAL ISSUES INSTEAD IT: Builds on the positive achievements Addresses land administration constraints Promotes a more inclusive development strategy Seeks to deliver a ‘win-win’ outcome within the GTP3 and LSCA context KEY MEASURES Getting holding rights holders to value the certificate Sustainable RLAS for all land users Capacity building in participatory and inclusive approaches Dialogue and consensus building Sustainability (tax income, data products, human resources) Thank you
