Download Biology Benchmark #2

Biology Benchmark #2
Review Guide
1. Compare and contrast cellular respiration and
photosynthesis; similarities, differences, name the
electron carriers of each, etc.
• Photosynthesis and respiration
are reactions that complement
each other in the environment.
They are in reality the same
reactions but occurring in
reverse.
1. Compare and contrast cellular respiration and
photosynthesis; similarities, differences, name the
electron carriers of each, etc.
1. Compare and contrast cellular respiration and
photosynthesis; similarities, differences, name the
electron carriers of each, etc.
• Cellular respiration = NADH &
FADH2
• Photosynthesis = NADPH
2. Write the chemical equation for
photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
3. Differentiate between prokaryotes
and eukaryotes:
4. Explain the differences between
osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion.
• Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of
solvent molecules through a partially permeable
membrane into a region of higher solute
concentration, in the direction that tends to
equalize the solute concentrations on the two
sides.
• Diffusion is the intermingling of substances by the
natural movement of their particles.
• Facilitated diffusion is the process of spontaneous
passive transport of molecules or ions across a
biological membrane via specific carrier proteins.
5. List the principles of the cell theory.
6. List three differences between
autotrophs and heterotrophs.
7. Illustrate the following: Hypotonic,
Hypertonic, & Isotonic
8. Explain the difference between
hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis.
9. Explain how a selectively permeable
membrane functions.
• A selectively permeable cell
membrane is one that allows
certain molecules or ions to pass
through it by means of active or
passive transport.
10. What are catalysts and why are
they necessary?
• a substance that increases the rate of a
chemical reaction without itself undergoing
any permanent chemical change.
• Most of the chemical reactions that occur
in the human body and in other living
things are high-energy reactions that would
occur slowly, if at all, without the catalysis
provided by enzymes.
11. In the box below, illustrate and explain how
the sodium potassium pump functions.
12. In reference to the unique properties of water,
explain by using the following terms: polar, capillary
action, cohesion, adhesion, specific heat, and solvent.
• water molecules:
1. each have a positive & negative pole.
2. have the ability to flow in narrow spaces
without the assistance of, and in opposition to,
external forces like gravity.
3. stick to each other.
4. stick to other surfaces/substances.
5. take a long time to heat up & cool down.
6. dissolve more substances than any other
liquid.
13. Name the two organelles that are found in
plant cells that are not found in animal cells.
14. Name the four biomolecules and
list two facts for each.
15. Explain the differences between
aerobic and anerobic.
16. In which type of solution is a
plant’s cell membrane visible?
• In a hypotonic or isotonic solution
• In a hypertonic solution
17. What is the correlation between the
following? tissue, organ system, cell, organ?
18. Name the two reactions in
photosynthesis.
• Light-dependent reactions
• Light-independent reactions
(dark reactions)
19. Where does the light reaction occur?
Where does the dark reaction occur?
20. Using page 64 of your textbook, list
the steps of processing proteins.
21. Define glycolysis.
• the breakdown of glucose in the
cytosol by enzymes, releasing
energy (2 ATP molecules) and
pyruvic acid. Glycolysis does not
require oxygen & occurs in all
cells.
22. Compare the Calvin Cycle (photosynthesis) to the
Krebs Cycle (cellular respiration). Make sure to include
the movement of carbon dioxide.
Krebs Cycle
Part of the aerobic respiration
process
Takes place in the matrix of
the mitochondria
Calvin Cycle
Part of the dark reaction of
photosynthesis
Takes place in the stroma of
chloroplast
Leads to synthesize ATP
Takes place in all the
organisms with aerobic
respiration
ATP is spent for the process
Carbon dioxide is produced
The process does not take
place without oxygen
Carbon dioxide is used
The process does not demand
the presence of oxygen
Takes place only in the
photosynthetic plants
23. Identify and explain the cellular
function of the following organelles:
• Cell membrane: forms a barrier between the
inside of the cell and the environment outside
the cell
• Nucleus: control center of the cell
• Cytoplasm: where chemical reactions occur,
gives shape to the cell
• Chromatin: condenses DNA into a tight
package for protection
23. Identify and explain the cellular
function of the following organelles:
• Chloroplasts: sites of photosynthesis
• Cell Wall: offer structure & support
• Mitochondria: where aerobic
respiration occurs
• Ribosomes: assemble amino acids
into proteins
23. Identify and explain the cellular
function of the following organelles:
• Smooth ER: makes lipids,
phospholipids, and steroids
• Rough ER: transport proteins
• Cytoskeleton: structure & support
• Centrioles: help with animal cell
division
23. Identify and explain the cellular
function of the following organelles:
• Lysosomes: contain acid hydrolase
enzymes that break down waste
materials and cellular debris.
• Golgi Complex: modifying, sorting and
packaging of proteins for secretion
• Central Vacuole: hold materials and
wastes, maintain the proper pressure
within the plant cells to provide
structure and support
24. Fermentation in humans causes muscle
soreness due to:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Lactic Acid Build-up
Unhealthy Diet
High Amounts of Sodium
Dehydration