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ORGANIZATION AND REGULATION OF BODY SYSTEMS Histology by Abdullah INTRODUCTION What is histology? Histo: tissue Logy: study of What does tissue mean? A tissue is composed of specialized cells of the same type 2 HUMAN TISSUES Forming of tissues: A tissue is composed of specialized cells of the same type In humans: tissue can categories into 4 types: Connective tissue: binds , support and protect Epithelial tissue: lining and covering Muscle tissue: movement Nervous tissue: receives + send information and conduct body impulses 3 CONNECTIVE TISSUE Connective tissue: type of tissue which support , bind and protect body parts. diverse in structure and function but it's mainly support ,binds and protect things in our body All typed have 3 similar components: specialized cells ground substances "none cellular materials" protein fibers 4 CONNECTIVE TISSUE Types of connective tissue cells: Fibroblasts are large, flat cells with branching processes and usually are the most numerous. Macrophages are phagocytes a type of white blood cell. Plasma cells are an important part of the body’s immune response. Mast cells are involved in the inflammatory response and also kill bacteria. Adipocytes are fat cells. 5 CONNECTIVE TISSUE It varies in consistency: Solid : bone Semisolid : cartilage Fluid : blood Types of fibers: There are 3 possible types of fibers: Wight collagen fibers: a protein that gives them flexibility and strength, made up of collagen. Reticular fibers: very thin collagen fibers highly branched that form delicate supporting network , made up of collagen type 3. Yellow Elastic fibers: a protein that is not strong as collagen but more elastic, it can stretch and return to it normal shape made up of elastin. 6 CONNECTIVE TISSUE There is certain diseases can affect connective tissue and causing disorders E.g: marfan syndrome : mutation in the fibrillin gene lead to connective tissue disorder. It will affect places that are rich with elastic fibers eg. Aorta “aorta cant expand in this disease” People with this disease die with aortic rupture. 7 CONNECTIVE TISSUE 8 TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE Type of connective tissue Fibrous Connective Supportive Tissue Connective Tissue: Fluid Connective Tissue: • Loose: Fibers create • Cartilage: Solid yet loose, open framework. flexible matrix • Blood: Contained in blood vessels • Dense: Fibers are densely packed • Bone: Solid & rigid matrix • Lymph: Contained in lymphatic vessels 9 TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS: Fibrous connective tissue: Fibrous exists in 2 forms: loose fibrous tissue and dense fibrous tissue both contain fibroblast cells with a matrix of collagen and elastic fibers. Fibroblast cells separated by jellylike ground substance called matrix “ground substances and fibers”. Loose fibrous connective tissue Adipose tissue is a special, loose fibrous tissue. Dense fibrous connective tissue 10 LOOSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE Is loosely arranged among the many cells. Include areolar and reticular Found in lungs and arteries and urinary bladder, allow these to expand Adipose Tissue: Adipose tissue is a special, loose fibrous tissue where fat is stored. Adipose tissue is found beneath the skin, around the kidneys, and on the surface of the heart. It can release hormone called leptin regulate appetite“ appetite control in brain” Cell are enlarged, has little matrix Use for energy and insulation and organ protection. 11 DENSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE Contains more numerous, thicker, and denser fibers (more closely packed). Found in tendons, and in ligaments. 12 SUPPORTIVE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Cartilage consists of a dense network of collagen fibers or elastic fibers. The cells of mature cartilage, called chondrocytes occur singly or in groups within spaces called lacunae. Since cartilage has no blood supply, it heals poorly following an injury. Three are 3 types of cartilage distinguished by types of fibers: 1.Hyaline cartilage 2.Fibrocartilage 3.Elastic cartilage 13 TYPE OF CARTILAGE Name Consist location Hyaline cartilage collagen fibers Nose, ends of long bones, and fetal skeleton Elastic cartilage Has more elastic fibers than hyaline cartilage Outer ear Has strong collagen fibers Disks between vertebrae fibrocartilage 14 15 SUPPORTIVE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Bone: Is the most rigid connective tissue. Cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts are responsible of forming the matrix of inorganic salts specially calcium. The cells found in chambers called lacunae. It supports soft tissues, protects delicate structures, and works with skeletal muscles to generate movement 16 BONE MATRIX 17 TYPES OF BONE Compact made of repeating circular units called osteons which contain the hard matrix, living cells, and blood vessels. Location: Shafts of long bones spongy an open latticework with irregular spaces Location: Ends of long bones 18 COMPACT AND SPONGY BONE 19 FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE Blood: made of a fluid matrix called plasma and cellular components that are called formed elements 3 formed elements: 1.Red blood cells (erythrocytes) – cells that carry oxygen 2.White blood cells (leukocytes) – cells that fight infection 3.Platelets (thrombocytes) – pieces of cells that clot blood 20 BLOOD , 3 FORMED ELEMENTS Blood plasma surrounding the 3 elements 21 FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE: LYMPH Matrix is a fluid called lymph. White blood cells congregate in lymph nodes. Lymph cleans as it passes through lymph nods 22