Download “Good Cholesterol”: High Density Lipoproteins

D.1.U7 Appetite is controlled by a centre in the hypothalamus.
Some of the ways the hypothalamus
receives input that you are full:
Appetite is controlled the
appetite control center in
the hypothalamus
When stomach is full it stimulates
vagus nerve that sends the
message to stop eating
Hormone
(leptin)
Hormones
(PYY3-36)
Adipose tissue
D.1.U8 Overweight individuals are more likely to suffer hypertension and type II diabetes.
An unhealthy diet can lead to malnutrition where an excess of
nutrients is consumed – fats and refined carbohydrates
Consumption of excess fats and refined carbs causes individuals to
become overweight.
One way to determine if your
weight is appropriate is to
calculate your BMI
Two nutrition related diseases
that overweight individuals are
more likely to suffer from are:
1. Hypertension
2. Type II diabetes
http://thatsugarfilm.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/processed-food-fats-
2.3.S2 Determination of body mass index by calculation or use of a
nomogram.
An alternative to calculating the
BMI is a nomogram. Simply use a
ruler to draw a line from the body
mass (weight) to the height of a
person. Where it intersects the
W/H2 line the person’s BMI can
be determined. Now use the
table to assess their BMI status.
BMI
Status
Below 18.5
Underweight
18.5 – 24.9
Normal
25.0 – 29.9
Overweight
30.0 and
Above
Obese
http://helid.digicollection.org/documents/h0211e/p434.gif
D.1.U8 Overweight individuals are more likely to suffer hypertension and type II diabetes.
There is a correlation between excessive weight
gain and hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Weight gain is associated with:
o Higher cardiac output which can raise
blood pressure
o Abdominal obesity can increase vascular
resistance which can raise blood pressure
(harder to push blood through circulatory
system)
o Arteries becoming stiffer and narrower
which can raise blood pressure
*Cardiac output is the volume of blood
pumped by the heart per minute (mL
blood/minute)
http://thatsugarfilm.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/processed-food-fats-
D.1.U8 Overweight individuals are more likely to suffer hypertension and type II diabetes.
There is also a positive correlation between developing
type II diabetes and the occurrence of obesity
Type II diabetes occurs when cells become resistant to the
normal effect of insulin and when there is a decrease in
insulin production.
Why this occurs is unknown; however, there are some
contributing factors:
• Diets rich in fat and low in fiber
• Obesity due to overeating and lack of exercise
• Genetic factors which affect fat metabolism
o Rates of type II diabetes varies greatly between
ethnic groups - less than 2% in China to 50%
among Pima Indians (Arizona)
Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence
of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexicohttp://thatsugarfilm.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/processed-food-fatsand the U.S.
D.1.A5 Cholesterol in blood as an indicator of the risk of coronary heart disease.
Research has shown a correlation between high levels of cholesterol
in blood plasma and increased risk of coronary heart disease
Excessive cholesterol in the blood can lead to atherosclerosis,
a disease where plaque builds up in your arteries.
Cholesterol can help to form these plaques and as plaques
continue to form they make the inside of the artery smaller
and smaller . When plaques form in the coronary arteries it
can lead to heart attack.
“Good Cholesterol”: High Density Lipoproteins
• Transport triglycerides out of the blood
and so reduce the risk of CHD.
“Bad Cholesterol”: Low Density Lipoproteins
• Raise blood triglyceride levels and blood
pressure, increasing risk of CHD.
http://www.eatdrinkbewell.com/2014/10/qotw-what-do-i-do-for-high-
D.1.U9 Starvation can lead to breakdown of body tissue.
When the body is deficient
in many nutrients, essential
and non-essential,
starvation occurs.
Effects of starvation on the body:
• First glycogen stores in the liver
and muscles will be used until
exhausted
• Next body fat will be used
• Lastly the body will begin to break
down protein, beginning with
skeletal muscle
The Minnesota Experiment
“During World War Two,
conscientious objectors in the US
and the UK were asked to volunteer
for medical research. In one project
in the US, young men were starved
for six months to help experts
decide how to treat victims of mass
starvation in Europe. “
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25782294
D.1.U9 Starvation can lead to breakdown of body tissue.
HUNGER STATS
1. Some 795 million people in the world do not have enough food to lead a healthy active
life. That's about one in nine people on earth.
2. The vast majority of the world's hungry people live in developing countries, where
12.9 percent of the population is undernourished.
3. Asia is the continent with the most hungry people - two thirds of the total. The
percentage in southern Asia has fallen in recent years but in western Asia it has
increased slightly.
4. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region with the highest prevalence (percentage of
population) of hunger. One person in four there is undernourished.
5. Poor nutrition causes nearly half (45%) of deaths in children under five - 3.1 million
children each year.
6. One out of six children -- roughly 100 million -- in developing countries is underweight.
7. One in four of the world's children are stunted. In developing countries the proportion
can rise to one in three.
8. If women farmers had the same access to resources as men, the number of hungry in
the world could be reduced by up to 150 million.
9. 66 million primary school-age children attend classes hungry across the developing
world, with 23 million in Africa alone.
10. WFP calculates that US$3.2 billion is needed per year to reach all 66 million hungry
school-age children
https://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats
D.1.A4 Breakdown of heart muscle due to anorexia.
Anorexia means “reduced appetite”
Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric illness that
involves voluntary starvation and sometimes
excessive exercise. Individuals with this
disorder have an obsession with their body
image and an ideal weight that is far too low.
The same effects of starvation occur here with
wasting of muscle tissue for energy.
The cardiac muscle can also begin to
deteriorate and damage to valves is also
possible. Lack of nutrition also causes an
imbalance in ions and minerals that are
essential for muscle contraction. Patients tend
to experience reduced blood pressure, slower
heart rate and reduced heart output.
Read the following article and write a summary (1/2 page):
What Happens To The Body And Mind When Starvation
Sets In?
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/01/20/4
63710330/what-happens-to-the-body-and-mind-whenstarvation-sets-in