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Emotion Myers Ch. 8B mood o'clock stereomood What does this symbol mean? (^_^) :) (;_;) :( (o,o) Define Emotion… • Positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity Would you like to never be sad again? What is the role of emotion in society? Your life? Complete Handout 8B-2 Cartoon Analysis Activity Theories of Emotions • James-Lange Theory Theories of emotions • James-Lange Theory Theories of emotions • James-Lange Theory Other examples… • Sad because we cry • Angry because we hit • Afraid because we tremble Analysis of James-Lange Falls Short… • 1) Pounding heart can mean many things… • 2) autonomic nervous system isn’t fast enough…i.e., blush and embarrassment happen at the same time…how can one be causing the other. • 3) We have difficulty detecting changes in autonomic functioning Support • Quadriplegics experience dulled sense of emotion Theories of emotions Cannon-Bard Theory Theories of emotions Cannon-Bard Theory Theories of emotions Two-Factor Theory—emotions are inferences of similar bodily states • Schachter-Singer Theories of emotions • Two-factor Theory oSchachter-Singer Theories of emotions • Two-factor Theory oSchachter-Singer Theories of emotions Support for 2-Factor • When people work out (i.e., activate autonomic nervous system) they find attractive people more attractive, annoying people more annoying, laugh harder at jokes, etc… • Why action movies always end as love stories • Cognitive misattribution Criticisms • Autonomic nervous system more intricate than we thought • We can now measure galvanic skin response and heart rate with more precision o Fear and disgust=higher galvanic skin response than sadness or anger o Anger=higher fingertip temp than fear • Zajonc (ZY-unz) o —infants copy emotion and express emotion without cognition o Therefore—cognition follows emotion • Izard o James-Lange was correct o Adds facial expression and bodily movement/posture in addition to nervous system o We control our own emotional response? Biofeedback/Learning Applications • Military training—control breathing, heart rate, etc… =reduced fear? (James-Lange) • Stress, meditation, yoga, etc…impact on emotions? The effects of facial expressions...(Izard) • Can we cure depression through botox? • “Fake it until you make it” • 9 of 10 participants no longer showed symptoms of clinical depression two months after treatment Detecting Emotion • ACT—handout 8B-8— non-verbal expressiveness. • 8B-9—Detecting deception • Autism o Myths/Facts o TED TAlK-EMOTIONAL ROBOTS Regulating Emotion • Complete handout 8B-4 • Reappraisal—changing emotional experience by changing meaning of stimulus (2-factor) • Suppression—dealing with emotion later • High scores of reappraisal = greater experience of positive emotions and better interpersonal functioning Experienced Emotion • 8B-11—AIM- How intense are your emotions? • High scores tend to have more complex goals and report more psycho-physiological distress symptoms • 8B-12—PANAS Scales o Positive affect and negative affect Facial Expressions • Paul Ekman o Expressions that last for less than half second and more than 5 are most likely insincere o Less symmetrical and abrupt expressions are insincere • Evolutionary? o Cross-cultural o Blind from birth display emotions same way Disgust • Scientists have discovered that those with Huntington’s Disease (neurodegenerative disease) can’t recognize facial expressions for disgust Envy/Jealousy • Handout 8B-16 • All cultures have a word for envy...it is culturally pervasive Fear • S.M.—a woman studied at the University of Iowa has a degenerative disease of the amygdala and has no fear. • Can we be ‘scared to death?’ o Yes. o Adrenaline and catecholamine Anger • Does catharsis really work? • Fried Green Tomatoes • 8B-19—Anger Discomfort Scale Sadness • Tahitians do not have words for sadness, loneliness, longing… • Perceived as a sickness (linguistic determinism?) • Also have many more words for anger and fear than English but rarely express them…does the ability to articulate emotion result in better emotional management? Happiness • Handout 8B-21—What makes you happy? • SciAm Mind: “Pursuit of Happiness” • Adaptation-level phenomenon—if you go from making $50,000/year to $500,000 your happiness will adapt as develop a new norm • Relative Deprivation— better or worse than comparison group Stress and Health • 8B-25: (SUS) • 8B-26: (Response to Stress) • 8B-29: (Type D Personality) • Circular pattern of extended stress o Cortisol o Adrenaline o Repeat Stress • The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events. • GAS (Seyle)—General Adaptation Syndrome—alarm, resistance, exhaustion Biological Perspective/Stress • Health Psychology—PNI o Psychoneuroimmunology— psychological, neural, endocrine systems effect health and immune system o Growing field Review: • Explain why we experience emotion from the 7 perspectives of psychology.