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APUSH Review A Few Things to Ponder Columbian Exchange An exchange between the Old World and New World; the Old World gave the New World religion, food, animals, and diseases; Africa gave the New World slaves; New World gave the Old World gold, silver, raw materials, and food products. encomienda Labor system used by Spanish for giving people Native American slaves; the English replaced the system with black slaves Joint-stock company association of individuals in a business enterprise where contributors combined their capital to gain profit Virginia The first joint-stock company in the colonies; founded Jamestown; promised gold, conversion of Indian to Christianity, and passage to the Indies Headright system employed by Virginia and Maryland; whoever paid the passage of a laborer got fifty acres of land; encouraged importation of indentured servants John Smith Captain who saved Virginia from collapse Powhatan Indian chief who wanted peace with the Chesapeake settlers, but tense relations led to a series of wars Mayflower Compact A contract made by the voyagers on the ship that bears its name agreeing that they would form a simple government where majority ruled John Winthrop immigrated to the Mass. Bay Colony in the 1630's to become the first governor; hoped to make it a “city upon a hill” Roger Williams banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for challenging Puritan ideas. Established Rhode Island and helped it to foster religious toleration Chesapeake Colonial region characterized by warm climate, plantation agriculture, tobacco, indentured servants later replaced with enslaved labor; included VA and MD New England Colonial region characterized by seasonal changes, rocky soil, small towns, family farms with mixed economy of agriculture and trade; included MA, CT, RI Middle Colonies Colonies characterized by an export economy based on cereal crops, variety of migrants; greater cultural and religious diversity and tolerance; included PA, DE Salutary neglect Lax attention from Britain that led to self-government; New England used town meetings to elect members for colonial legislatures and Southern colonies had elite planters that dominated Act of Toleration 1649 Act that guaranteed religious freedom for Christians House of Burgesses 1619 First representative body in the British colonies Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 1639 First constitution in the colonies drafted that stated a government's authority rests upon the consent of the governed and expressed the will of the majority. Pueblo Revolt 1680 Most successful Indian rebellion against Europeans; Southwest Indians maintained independence for 10 years mercantilism Economic practice in which England set up colonies to provide raw materials to the Mother Country; the colonies received manufactured goods in return. Great Awakening Major religious revival (1740s) prior to the American Revolution that furthered individualism, opposed established authority and furthered American nationalism. Enlightenment 18th C philosophical movement that advocated the use of reason; provided the framework for the American and French Revolutions and rise of capitalism; important people included Locke and Montesquieu Albany Congress During the French and Indian war, Ben Franklin attempted to unify the colonies behind Great Britain in its war against France. Proclamation of 1763 A line drawn by the British government that forbade the colonists from settling on western lands won after the French and Indian War; prompted by Pontiac’s rebellion Stamp Act 1765 British tax on paper goods; first direct tax on the colonies; to help pay for debt from French and Indian War; led protest and additional acts American Revolution British laws like the Stamp Act, Townsend Acts Common Sense A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine during the Revolutionary War to try and convince colonists to fight. Republican Motherhood Granted women new importance in American political culture; called on women to teach republican values within the family Northwest Ordinance 1787 the act of Congress providing for the government of the Northwest Territory and setting forth the steps by which its subdivisions might become states; also banned slavery in states formed from the territory. Constitutional Convention 1787 Meeting in Philadelphia to address the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation; though compromise resulted in a new government; limited federal system providing for separation of powers Federalists Papers Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay to gain support for the Constitution; ensured ratification by promising a Bill of rights Neutrality Proclamation 1793 Issued by Washington in reaction conflict arising between France and Britain; as a result of the French Revolution Alexander Hamilton His economic plan involved assuming state debt, a national bank, taxes and tariff Political Parties Differences between Hamilton and Jefferson (tariff, federal power, and European power) contributed to the formation of these XYZ Affair Three American delegates sent to France to negotiate; caused by British and French threatening American shipping; French try to bribe delegates but U.S. refuse Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions These stated that a state had the right to declare a law unconstitutional, or nullify a law, within its borders. These were written by Jefferson and Madison to resist the Alien and Sedition Acts Thomas Jefferson Barbary War, Louisiana Purchase, impressment, Embargo and NonIntercourse Acts were foreign policy challenges for which president John Marshall Who expanded the power of the federal government through decisions like Marbury v. Madison, McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden War of 1812 Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment; ending with the Treaty of Ghent and followed by a wave of nationalism Missouri Compromise 1820 Maintained the balance between free and slave states; admitted Maine and allowed no slavery north of 36°30” in Louisiana Territory American System 1820s Henry Clays 3 pronged system to promote industry; strong Banking System, a protective tariff, internal improvements Monroe Doctrine 1823 Issued to protect the Western Hemisphere fro any further colonization from European powers Nullification Crisis Created by South Carolina ordinance that declared the federal tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of South Carolina. Jackson threatened to enforce; Clay arranged compromise tariff. Whig Party Party opposed to Jackson; supported American System and political action for social reform but was divided on the issue of slavery Abolition William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator, Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Liberty Party all championed this cause Mormon founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in salt lake city, utah, religious group Second Great Awakening A series of religious revivals that stressed a philosophy of salvation through good deeds; promoted moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance, and abolition. Cult of Domesticity Belief that women had a unique role to provide religious and moral instruction in the homes but avoid the world of politics and business in the larger sphere of society in the mid-19th C; helped fuel women's rights movements. Transcendentalism Philosophy that emerged mainly in literature in the mid-19th century centered around individualism, nature, and rejected traditional religion; Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau Market Revolution Change from subsistence to commercial economy; accompanied new inventions in farming, transportation, communication, production, and new business concepts Mexican Cession Land ceded to the U.S. following the Mexican-American War; included present-day AZ, NV, NM. CA; increased tension over anti-slavery debate Compromise of 1850 Allowed California to enter as free state and the slave trade to be banned in Washington D.C, while enforcing the Fugitive Slave Law and leaving New Mexico and Utah territories to popular sovereignty Bleeding Kansas Violence involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery groups in Kansas-Nebraska Territory; further strained the relations of the North and South Dred Scot v. Sanford Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south Republican Party Formed in 1854 a coalition of disgruntled Whigs, Democrats, Free Soilers, Know-Nothings on the issue of anti-expansion of slavery Abraham Lincoln Competed with Stephen Douglas in famous debates; first Republican president; election led to secession Congressional Reconstruction Began 1867 When the Radical Republicans took control following the Civil War; concerned re-admittance of Confederate States; used military force to protect the freedmen’s rights Freedman’s Bureau U.S. federal government agency that aided the former slaves. It provided food, clothing, medical care, and education to former slaves and to white refugees. First to establish school for blacks to learn to read. Black Codes Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves; Radical Republicans will push forward the 14th and 15th amendments to counter Alaska Purchased from Russia in 1867; called “Seward’s Folly” Andrew Johnson 1868 Impeached for violating the Tenure of Office Act. He had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War Redeemers White Southerners and former slave owners who opposed the Republican program in the South. Election of 1876 Hayes-Tilden were opposing candidates; led to Compromise of 1877 where Hayes won and Reconstruction was ended