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MIDTERM REVIEW
CHAPTERS 2 - 9
MUSCULOSKELETAL
• WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF BONE CELLS?
• WHAT ARE THEIR FUNCTIONS?
• WHAT ARE THE MAJOR BONES IN THE BODY?
• WHAT ARE THE MAJOR FEATURES OF BONE? IE: FOSSA, CREST, PROCESS ETC.
• WHAT IS THE NAME OF A DOCTOR SPECIALIZING IN THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM?
• HOW WOULD THIS DOCTOR SEE INSIDE A JOINT?
SKELETAL
• ROOTS FOR:
• SLIPPING, AS IN VERTEBRAL
• CARTILAGE
• WEAKNESS
• LIGAMENTS
• SLOW MOVEMENT
• BONE
• QUICK MOVEMENT
• SKULL
• PAINFUL
• MOVEMENT
• ABSENCE OF
• JOINT
VERTEBRAL SLIPPING
TISSUE TYPES
• WHAT ARE THE FOUR TYPES OF TISSUES?
• WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THOSE TISSUES?
• WHERE WOULD YOU FIND EACH OF THESE TISSUES?
MUSCLE
• FORMED FROM MUSCLE FIBERS
• PRODUCES MOVEMENT IN THE BODY
• SKELETAL MUSCLE IS ATTACHED TO BONE AND IS CONSCIOUSLY CONTROLLED
• CARDIAC MUSCLE IS IN THE HEART ONLY
• SMOOTH MUSCLE IS FOUND IN INTERNAL ORGANS SUCH AS THE GI TRACT AND GLANDS
EPITHELIAL
• CLOSE-PACKED CELLS FROM COVERINGS FOR AND LINING OF BODY STRUCTURES, THEY LINE
ANATOMICAL CAVITIES
• PROTECTIVE BARRIER
• ABSORBS SUBSTANCES
• SECRETES SUBSTANCES, VERY METABOLICALLY ACTIVE
• EXCRETES WASTES
CONNECTIVE
• SUPPORTS AND PROTECTS BODY STRUCTURES
• MANY DIFFERENT FORMS TO PERFORM DIFFERENT TASKS
• BONE – STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
• CARTILAGE – SHOCK ABSORBER IN JOINTS
• ADIPOSE – PROTECTIVE PADDING
• TENDONS – CONNECTS SKELETAL MUSCLE TO BONE
• BLOOD IS A CONNECTIVE TISSUE
NERVOUS
• COMPOSED OF NEURONS
• CONDUCTS ELECTRICAL IMPULSES
• BRAIN, SPINAL CORD AND NERVES
DIRECTIONS
• WHICH WORDS DO WE USE TO DESCRIBE:
• TOWARD THE HEAD, AXIAL
• TOWARD THE TAIL, AXIAL
• TOWARD THE ROOTS OF THE APPENDAGES
• AWAY FROM THE ROOTS OF THE APPENDAGES
• TOWARD THE MIDLINE
• AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE
• CLOSER TO A SURFACE, BELOW A SURFACE
• TOWARD THE FRONT, BACK
CAVITIES
• WHAT ARE THE ROOT WORDS FOR THE CAVITIES?
• THORAC/O
• ABDOMIN/O
• CRANI/O CEPHAL/O
• OT/O
• OR/O
• NAS/O
• PELV/O
SURFACE ANATOMY
ORGANS/ORGAN SYSTEMS
• WHAT IS THE ROOT FOR INTERNAL ORGAN?
• NAME THE 11 ORGAN SYSTEMS AND THE ORGANS WITHIN THEM. OH NO!
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• WHAT ARE CONSIDERED ACCESSORY ORGANS OF THE SKIN?
• WHAT IS THE ROOT WHICH MEANS TO SECRETE?
• WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN?
• PROTECTION, HOUSE SENSORY RECEPTORS, TEMPERATURE REGULATION
PREFIXES, SUFFIXES
• WITHIN
• -ECTOMY
• FATTY GROWTH
• -OSIS
• CONDITION
• -EOUS
• RED
• -PLASTY
• WHITE
• -DERMA
• BLUE
• -OSTOMY
• REMOVAL
• -OTOMY
SPELLING
• SPELL THE WORD THAT MEANS EXCESSIVE
SWEATING
• NO SWEATING
• DRY SKIN
• BLUE SKIN, WHITE SKIN, RED SKIN,
• PIGMENT CELL
• REMOVAL OF FATTY TUMOR
• RELATING TO NAILS
• ONE WHO TREATS SKIN CONDITIONS
• DRY SKIN
• EXCESSIVELY PIGMENTED SKIN
CONDITIONS
• KERATOSIS
• VITILIGO
• VARICELLA
• VERRUCA
• PETECHIAE
• SCABIES
• PURPURA
• PUSTULE
• PEDICULOSIS
• NEVUS
• VESICLE
• KELOID
• WHEAL
• ESCHAR
• PAPULE
• ECHYMOSIS
• ICHTHYOSIS
CARDIOVASCULAR
• BE ABLE TO TRACE A DROP OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART STARTING AT THE IVC AND SVC
• BE ABLE TO TRACE THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY THROUGH THE HEART FROM THE BRAIN
• NAME THE MAIN PARTS OF THE CVS
• WHAT ARE THE TWO MAIN CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS?
• UNDERSTAND THAT THE CVS TRANSPORTS CO2 TO THE LUNGS AND METABOLIC WASTE TO
THE KIDNEYS AND LIVER
• THE OVERALL FUNCTION OF THE CVS
TERMS
• PERICARDIUM, EPICARDIUM, ENDOCARDIUM, MYOCARDIUM
• KNOW THE VALVES
• -SCLEROSIS
• -STENOSIS
• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN, ANGIOSCLEROSIS, ARTERIOSCLEROSOS, ARTERIOSTENOSIS AND
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN: ANGIOGRAM, HEMANGIOGRAPHY, ARTERIOGRAPHY AND
ANGIOGRAPHY
TERMS
• ANGIOPLASTY
• PHLEBITIS
• ERYTHROPENIA
• BRADYCARDIA
• PLAQUE
• HEMOGLOBIN
• VALVULITIS
• MURMUR
• ARTERIORRHEXIS
• STETHOSCOPE
• MYOCARDIAL
• PALPITATION
• ATHEROSCLEROSIS,
• HEMOLYTIC
• INTERVENTRICULAR
• HEMATOCYTOSIS
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• EXPLAIN THE PARTS AND FUNCTION OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• FUNCTIONS OF THE SPLEEN
IMMUNE SYSTEM
• WHAT IS THE IMMUNE RESPONSE?
• EXPOSURE TO A PATHOGEN  PHAGOCYTOSIS OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS  STIMULATION OF
NATURAL KILLER CELLS TO DESTROY PATHOGENS
BLOOD, AND DISORDERS
• WHAT IS WHOLE BLOOD AND WHAT ARE IT’S CONSTITUENTS?
• DISTINGUISH THE FOLLOWING FROM EACH OTHER:
• PERNICIOUS ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA, THALASSEMIA AND IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
• PERNICIOUS ANEMIA IS A TYPE OF VITAMIN B12 ANEMIA. THE BODY NEEDS VITAMIN B12 TO
MAKE RED BLOOD CELLS.
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
• HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA IS A CONDITION THAT INVOLVES ONLY THE RED BLOOD CELLS. WHEN
OLD RED BLOOD CELLS DIE, THE BONE MARROW PRODUCES NEW ONES TO MAINTAIN
BALANCE. HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA OCCURS WHEN RED BLOOD CELLS DIE SOONER THAN THE
BONE MARROW CAN PRODUCE THEM. THE SCIENTIFIC TERM FOR RED BLOOD CELL
DESTRUCTION IS HEMOLYSIS
THALASSEMIA
• THALASSEMIA (BRITISH ENGLISH: THALASSAEMIA) IS A FORM OF INHERITED AUTOSOMAL
RECESSIVE BLOOD DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY ABNORMAL FORMATION OF HEMOGLOBIN.
IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
• IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IS A COMMON TYPE OF ANEMIA — A CONDITION IN WHICH
BLOOD LACKS ADEQUATE HEALTHY RED BLOOD CELLS. RED BLOOD CELLS CARRY OXYGEN TO
THE BODY'S TISSUES.
• AS THE NAME IMPLIES, IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IS DUE TO INSUFFICIENT IRON. WITHOUT
ENOUGH IRON, YOUR BODY CAN'T PRODUCE ENOUGH OF A SUBSTANCE IN RED BLOOD
CELLS THAT ENABLES THEM TO CARRY OXYGEN (HEMOGLOBIN). AS A RESULT, IRON
DEFICIENCY ANEMIA MAY LEAVE YOU TIRED AND SHORT OF BREATH.
APLASTIC ANEMIA
• APLASTIC ANEMIA IS A CONDITION THAT OCCURS WHEN YOUR BODY STOPS PRODUCING
ENOUGH NEW BLOOD CELLS. APLASTIC ANEMIA LEAVES YOU FEELING FATIGUED AND WITH A
HIGHER RISK OF INFECTIONS AND UNCONTROLLED BLEEDING.
• A RARE AND SERIOUS CONDITION, APLASTIC ANEMIA CAN DEVELOP AT ANY AGE. APLASTIC
ANEMIA MAY OCCUR SUDDENLY, OR IT CAN OCCUR SLOWLY AND GET WORSE OVER A LONG
PERIOD OF TIME.
HYPOCHROMIC ANEMIA
• HYPOCHROMIC ANEMIA IS A GENERIC TERM FOR ANY TYPE OF ANEMIA IN WHICH THE RED
BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES) ARE PALER THAN NORMAL.
INHERITED BLOOD DISORDERS
• THALASSEMIA, SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, HEMOPHILIA
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• NAME ALL STRUCTURES IN (IN ORDER) THIS SYSTEM AND THEIR “ROOT” WORDS?
• WHAT ARE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL RESPIRATION?
• WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE NASAL CAVITY? INCLUDE CILIA!
• WHAT ARE: INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
• EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
• TIDAL VOLUME
• RESIDUAL VOLUME
WHAT ARE VITAL SIGNS?
TERMS
• -DYNIA
• -ALGIA
• -IT IS
• -ECTOMY
• THORAC/O
• PLEUR/O
STUDIES
• WHAT DO THE FOLLOWING MEAN?
• OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGIST
• OTONASOLARYNGOLOGY
• OTONASOPHARYNGOLOGY
• OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
CONDITIONS
• PNEUMOCONIOSIS
• RHINOPLASTY
• PNEUMOANTHRACOSIS
• TACHYPNEA
• PULMOCONIOSIS
• HYPOPNEA
• ANTHRACOSIS
• HYPERPNEA
• RHONORRAGIA
• ORTHOPNEA
• RHINORRHEA
• RHINITIS
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• YOU GOT IT. NAME ALL STRUCTURES FROM BEGINNING TO END
TERMS
•
GINGIVALGIA
•
CYSTORRHAGIA
•
SPHINCTER
•
ENTERALGIA
•
URETHRAL
•
FUNDUS
•
DUODENALGIA
•
URINOMETER
•
CHYME
•
GASTRALGIA
•
DENTURE
•
RUGAE
•
ILEAL
•
POLYP
•
ASCITES
•
DUODENAL
•
PYROSIS
•
BORBORYGMUS
•
JEJUNAL
•
MELENA
•
CIRRHOSIS
•
CECAL
•
CACHEXIA
•
DIVERTICULUM
•
DYSPRANDIAL
•
JAUNDICE
•
FISSURE
•
DYSOREXIA
•
HEMATOCHEZIA
•
FISTULA
•
DYSPHAGIA
•
ALIMENTARY
•
DYSPEPSIA
•
GASTROINTESTINAL
•
URETERAL
•
TRACHEAL
PHYSIO
• SECRETIONS OF:
• STOMACH
• PANCREAS
• LIVER
URINARY SYSTEM
• ORGANS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
• FLOW OF BLOOD THROUGH KIDNEYS
• FLOW OF BLOOD THROUGH NEPHRON
• PARTS OF A NEPHRON
TERMS
• HEMATURIA
• UREMIA
• PYURIA
• ANURIA
• MEAT/O
• GLYCOS/O
• PYEL/O
• GLOMERAL/O