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_______________ is the downward movement of water through pores and other spaces in the soil due to gravity. Percolation ____________ is water that flows across land and collects in rivers, streams, and eventually the ocean. Runoff ________________ is rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls from clouds onto the Earth's surface. Precipitation What is condensation? Water vapor that cools and changes into water droplets. High clouds made of ice crystals are called _________________________ clouds. Cirrus __________________ occurs when water vapor cools and changes back into liquid droplets. Condensation _____________ is water, usually from precipitation, that flows across land and collects in rivers, streams, and eventually the ocean. Runoff Puffy, white clouds that tend to have flat bottoms are called ____________________. Cumulus _______________, the most common form of solid precipitation, forms when temperatures are so cold that water vapor changes directly to a solid. Snow A ______________ is the land drained by a river system, including the main river and all of its tributaries. Drainage basin _________________ are smaller streams or rivers that flow into larger ones. Tributaries A drainage basin is also called a _______________________. Watershed What is the world's largest drainage basin? Amazon River basin The path that a stream follows is called a _____________________________. Channel If a river starts at an elevation of 8,500 m and travels 700 km downstream to a lake that is at an elevation of 800 m, what is the stream's gradient? 11 m/km Which river will cause the most erosion? A. one with low gradient and low discharge B. one with high gradient and high discharge C. one with high gradient and low discharge D. one with low gradient and high discharge A _______________ includes the main stream and tributaries of a river. River system The wide curves in the river in the diagram are called _________________. Meanders The river in the diagram is most likely in the ______________________ stage. Mature One difference between an alluvial fan and a delta is that an alluvial fan is ________________________________. Deposited on dry ground What would affect a stream's erosion? Streams gradient, discharge, and load A rock that tends to stop the flow of water is ________________________________. Impermeable The rock layer I is called the __________________________. Cap rock The rock layer II is called the _____________________________. Aquifer Only 3 percent of Earth's water is drinkable, and of that 3 percent, 75 percent is frozen in the polar icecaps. What percentage of Earth's drinkable water is readily available for use? A. 0.75 percent C. 3 percent B. 2.25 percent D. 75 percent More than half of all household water in the United States comes from (where) ______________________. Ground water The process of liquid water changing to gas is called ________________________________. Evaporation When -nimbus or nimbo- is part of a cloud's name, it means that (what): Precipitation could fall from the cloud When cirro- is part of a cloud's name, it means that _____________________________________. it’s at high altitude When alto- is part of a cloud's name, it means that _____________________________________. It’s a middle cloud. What type of clouds would you most likely see if you were flying in an airplane at 8,000 m? Cirrus What type of stream load makes a river look muddy? Suspended List the features that are common in youthful river channels. Rapids Narrow, v-shaped valleys Waterfalls Fast-moving water Caves are mainly a product of ________________________. Erosion by ground water. An aquifer must be A. nonporous and nonpermeable. C. porous and nonpermeable. B. nonporous and permeable. D. porous and permeable. As a stream's velocity increases, it (does what) ____________. Can carry larger particles (a larger load). For a rock layer to function as an aquifer, it must (have what) _______________. Have pores that are connected.