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Transcript
Forensic Science or Criminalistics Two words are the same/ interchangeable Definition: the application of science to those criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in the criminal justice system The application of science to law History & Development Who is Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (18591930)? Author of Sherlock Holmes Popularized scientific crime detection: serology (blood), fingerprinting, firearms, & document examination MATHIEU ORFILA (1787-1853) Father of Forensic Toxicology (study of drug/poison detection) First published text of poisons and their effects on animals Marsh Apparatus: detect arsenic ALPHONSE BERTILLON (18531914) Father of criminal identification Developed the science of Anthropometry—study of body measurements to identify/distinguish individuals FRANCIS GALTON (1822-1911) Not the 1st to use fingerprinting 1st to establish fingerprinting as a science to be used in criminal cases; he also filed them GALTON'S OWN PRINTS LEONE LATTES (1887-1954) Continued the work of Dr. Karl Landsteiner, who discovered blood can be grouped into 4 categories: A, B, AB, & O Devised a simple procedure for determining the blood group of a dried blood stain & applied it to investigations BLOOD TYPES CALVIN GODDARD (1891-1955) US Army Colonel Expert on firearms examination Established the use of comparison microscope to identify bullets and the firing gun; applied his expertise to criminal cases GODDARD EXAMINING A WEAPON ALBERT S. OSBORN (1858-1946) Forefront of document examination Reason for document acceptance as scientific evidence in courts 1910-authored “Questioned Documents” WALTER C McCRONE (1916-2002) Worlds most profound microscopist Educated thousands of forensic scientists world wide Used his microscopy skills in thousands of criminal cases . HANS GROSS (1847-1915) Public prosecutor & judge 1st to develop and publish a document on applying science disciplines to criminal investigations in 1893 EDMOND LOCARD (1877-1966) • Started the 1st police laboratory in 1910 • Founder and director of the 1st Institute of Criminalistics • Believed that when a criminal came in contact with an object or person, a cross transfer of evidence occurred Tuesday 9-3-2013 BELLRINGER/ACTIVATOR/DO NOW Take out a sheet of paper and head it Number it 1-5 BRAINSTORM: List five services provided or jobs done in the field of Forensic Science (Hint: Think about the Forensic shows that you like to watch and our class discussions) You only have 5 minutes…don’t waste time SERVICES OF CRIME LABS Physical Science Unit-uses techniques of chemistry, physics, and geology to identify & compare evidence like drugs, glass, paint, explosives, & soil Biology Unit-identify & profile DNA, dried blood stains, and other bodily fluids. Compare hairs, fibers, and other botanical materials like plants/wood. Firearms Unit-examine firearms, bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, & all ammunition; examine clothing & other objects for gunshot residue. Approximate distances from targets. Compare tool markings. . SERVICES OF CRIME LABS, cont’ Document Examination Unit-determine authenticity and/or source of typewritten & hand written documents. Analyze paper, ink, indented writing (depressions on the page under the page that was actually written on), obliterations, erasures, & burned/charred documents. Photography Unit-examine & record physical evidence. X-ray photography to make the invisible visible. Prepare photo exhibits for courtroom presentations. . SERVICES OF CRIME LABS, cont’ Toxicology Unit-examine bodily fluids and organs for presence/absence of drugs, poisons, and/or alcohol. Train operators, maintain, and service field instruments like the Intoxilyzer (measures alcohol consumption). Latent Finger Print Unit-examine & process evidence for finger prints. (Latent means not apparent to the eye but able to be made visible by dusting/fuming.) . Intoxilyzer (aka breathalyzer) SERVICES OF CRIME LABS, cont’ Polygraph (Lie detector)Unit-for investigation & interrogation; generally used by investigators not forensic scientists Voiceprint Analysis Unit-ties a voice to a suspect using a sound spectrograph (instrument that turns speech into a visual graph called a “voice print.”) Ex. Uses: telephone threats, recorded messages, etc. Sound Spectrograph Result Polygraph Test Polygraph Results SERVICES OF CRIME LABS, cont’ Evidence Collection Unit-collect and preserve physical evidence that will be later processed in the crime lab. 6 Forensic Specialties Forensic Pathology—the investigation of sudden, unnatural, unexplained, or violent deaths Forensic Anthropology—specialty used in identification and examination of skeletal remains Forensic Entomology—the study of insects and their relationship to criminal investigations Forensic Psychiatry—the examination of the relationship between human behavior and legal proceedings Forensic Odontology—the identification of an individual through the analysis of teeth Forensic Engineering—analysis of structural failures, accident reconstruction, and causes/origins of fires/explosions ..