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Forensic Science or Criminalistics
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Two words are the same/ interchangeable
Definition: the application of science to
those criminal and civil laws that are
enforced by police agencies in the
criminal justice system
The application of science to law
History & Development
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Who is Sir Arthur
Conan Doyle (18591930)?
Author of Sherlock
Holmes
Popularized scientific
crime detection:
serology (blood),
fingerprinting,
firearms, & document
examination
MATHIEU ORFILA (1787-1853)
Father of Forensic
Toxicology (study of
drug/poison
detection)
First published text of
poisons and their
effects on animals
Marsh Apparatus: detect arsenic
ALPHONSE BERTILLON (18531914)
Father of criminal
identification
Developed the science of
Anthropometry—study
of body measurements
to identify/distinguish
individuals
FRANCIS GALTON (1822-1911)
Not the 1st to use
fingerprinting
1st to establish
fingerprinting as a
science to be used in
criminal cases; he
also filed them
GALTON'S OWN PRINTS
LEONE LATTES (1887-1954)
Continued the work of Dr. Karl Landsteiner,
who discovered blood can be grouped into 4
categories: A, B, AB, & O
Devised a simple procedure for determining
the blood group of a dried blood stain &
applied it to investigations
BLOOD TYPES
CALVIN GODDARD (1891-1955)
US Army Colonel
Expert on firearms
examination
Established the use of
comparison microscope
to identify bullets and
the firing gun; applied
his expertise to criminal
cases
GODDARD EXAMINING A
WEAPON
ALBERT S. OSBORN (1858-1946)
Forefront of document
examination
Reason for document
acceptance as
scientific evidence in
courts
1910-authored
“Questioned
Documents”
WALTER C McCRONE (1916-2002)
Worlds most profound
microscopist
Educated thousands of
forensic scientists
world wide
Used his microscopy
skills in thousands of
criminal cases
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HANS GROSS (1847-1915)
Public prosecutor &
judge
1st to develop and
publish a document
on applying science
disciplines to criminal
investigations in 1893
EDMOND LOCARD (1877-1966)
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Started the 1st police
laboratory in 1910
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Founder and director
of the 1st Institute of
Criminalistics
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Believed that when a
criminal came in
contact with an object
or person, a cross
transfer of evidence
occurred
Tuesday 9-3-2013
BELLRINGER/ACTIVATOR/DO NOW
 Take out a sheet of paper and head it
 Number it 1-5
 BRAINSTORM: List five services provided
or jobs done in the field of Forensic
Science (Hint: Think about the Forensic
shows that you like to watch and our class
discussions)
 You only have 5 minutes…don’t waste time
SERVICES OF CRIME LABS
 Physical Science Unit-uses techniques of chemistry,
physics, and geology to identify & compare evidence
like drugs, glass, paint, explosives, & soil
 Biology Unit-identify & profile DNA, dried blood
stains, and other bodily fluids. Compare hairs,
fibers, and other botanical materials like
plants/wood.
 Firearms Unit-examine firearms, bullets, cartridge
cases, shotgun shells, & all ammunition; examine
clothing & other objects for gunshot residue.
Approximate distances from targets. Compare tool
markings.
 .
SERVICES OF CRIME LABS, cont’
 Document Examination Unit-determine
authenticity and/or source of typewritten & hand
written documents. Analyze paper, ink,
indented writing (depressions on the page under
the page that was actually written on),
obliterations, erasures, & burned/charred
documents.
 Photography Unit-examine & record physical
evidence. X-ray photography to make the
invisible visible. Prepare photo exhibits for
courtroom presentations.
.
SERVICES OF CRIME LABS, cont’
Toxicology Unit-examine bodily fluids and
organs for presence/absence of drugs,
poisons, and/or alcohol. Train operators,
maintain, and service field instruments like
the Intoxilyzer (measures alcohol
consumption).
Latent Finger Print Unit-examine & process
evidence for finger prints. (Latent means
not apparent to the eye but able to be made
visible by dusting/fuming.)
.
Intoxilyzer (aka breathalyzer)
SERVICES OF CRIME LABS, cont’
Polygraph (Lie detector)Unit-for
investigation & interrogation; generally used
by investigators not forensic scientists
Voiceprint Analysis Unit-ties a voice to a
suspect using a sound spectrograph
(instrument that turns speech into a visual
graph called a “voice print.”) Ex. Uses:
telephone threats, recorded messages, etc.
Sound Spectrograph Result
Polygraph Test
Polygraph Results
SERVICES OF CRIME LABS, cont’
Evidence
Collection
Unit-collect
and
preserve physical evidence that will be later
processed in the crime lab.
6 Forensic Specialties
 Forensic Pathology—the investigation of sudden,
unnatural, unexplained, or violent deaths
 Forensic Anthropology—specialty used in
identification and examination of skeletal remains
 Forensic Entomology—the study of insects and their
relationship to criminal investigations
 Forensic Psychiatry—the examination of the
relationship between human behavior and legal
proceedings
 Forensic Odontology—the identification of an
individual through the analysis of teeth
 Forensic Engineering—analysis of structural failures,
accident reconstruction, and causes/origins of
fires/explosions
 ..