Download Daily Science (pg. 14)

Daily Science (pg. 14)
 Name the four Earth systems and explain each.
 Put the following numbers into scientific notation:
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1080000000
0.000907
4500000
0.000000001
 Convert the following:
 1.23 meters into millimeters
 0.098 kg into dg
 104 centiliters into liters
 Name one type of map and explain
 What are the two types of ways minerals are formed?
Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks
Pg. 21
Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
 Sediments- pieces of solid material that have been deposited
on Earth’s surface by wind, water, ice, gravity, or chemical
precipitation.
 When sediments become cemented together, they are called
sedimentary rocks
 Begins by erosion and weathering
Weathering
 Chemical and physical processes that break rock into smaller
pieces.
 Produces rock and mineral fragments called clastic sediments
 Clastic means broken
Classification of Clastic Sediments
PARTICLE SIZE
SEDIMENT
ROCK
>256-2 mm
Gravel
Conglomerate
2-0.062 mm
Sand
Sandstone
0.062-0.0039 mm
Silt
Siltstone
< 0.0039 mm
Clay
Mudstone
Erosion and Transport
 The removal and movement of surface materials from one
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location to another is erosion
Agents of erosion: wind, moving water, gravity, and glaciers.
Always move downhill
When transport stops and sediments settle- deposition.
Particles are sorted into layers depending on their size
Lithification
 As more sediments are deposited, bottom layers become
more compressed.
 Lithification- physical and chemical process that form
sediments into sedimentary rocks
 Begins with compaction
 Squeezes water out and sometimes natural gas and oil fill the
empty space.
Cross- bedding and graded bedding
 Cross bedding-forms as
inclined layers of sediment
are carried forward across
a horizontal surface
 Graded bedding-
depositions where particles
are progressively heavier
and coarser toward the
bottom
Types of sedimentary rocks
 Fossils (a feature of sedimentary rocks)
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
ROCK TYPE
ROCK NAME
METHOD OF FORMATION
Clastic
Coarse Grain
Medium Grain
Fine Grain
Conglomerate or sandstone
Sandstone
Shale
Lithification of clastic
sediments
Organic
Calcium Carbonate Shells
plant matter
Chemical
Calcite
Halite
Gypsum
Limestone
Coal
Limestone
Rock Salt
Rock gypsum
Accumulation and lithification
of living things
Precipitation of dissolved
minerals from water
Metamorphic Rocks
 When high temperature and pressure combine to alter the
texture, mineralogy, or chemical composition without
melting a rock a metamorphic rock is formed.
 Meta = change
 Morphe = Form
Types of metamorphism
 Regional metamorphism- when high temperature and
pressure effect large regions of Earth’s crust.
 Contact metamorphism- when molten rock comes into
contact with solid rock
 Hydrothermal metamorphism- when very hot water reacts
with rock and alters the chemical composition
Metamorphic textures
 Foliated- characterized by wavy layers and bands of minerals
 Nonfoliated- lack long mineral grains in one direction
The Rock Cycle
 Rocks don’t always remain the same rock that they were
formed as.