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INTRODUCTION: HEALTH, GOOD HEALTH, HEALTH EDUCATION PERSONAL HYGIENE WHAT IS DISEASES? NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES COMMUNICABLE DISEASES SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF DANGEROUS DISEASES THE CONCEPT OF WELLNESS SPIRITUAL AND SOCIAL WELLNESS EMOTIONAL AND INTELLECTUAL WELLNESS OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL WELLNESS PHYSICAL WELLNESS AND BENEFIT OF EXERCISES SEX EDUCATION; RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTS AND CHILDREN REVISION AND TEST Good health is one of our most cherished possessions, one that is often taken for granted until it is lost. Some people convincingly argue that everything else in life is secondary to good health for man, it is not difficult to recall instances when life’s goals, academic, career or family; small or large; immediate or long-range, seemed unimportant because of sudden illness or a long-term debilitating health crisis. The World Health Organization (WHO) described health as the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely absence of diseases or infirmity. The ideal person who is in this kind of state will be almost impossible to get. Certain factors such as age, heredity, environment, among others, make it very difficult to see such an ideal human being. Fortunately, the prospects of good health for Americans have never been better. The extent to which good health is realized is contingent on many factors. Chief among these factors are our actions and the choices we make. We can make choices that will promote health and well being, prevent or delay the premature onsets of many chronic illnesses, and improve our quality of life through Health education. The Joint Committee on Health Education and Promotion Terminology of 2001 defined Health Education as "any combination of planned learning experiences based on sound theories that provide individuals, groups, and communities the opportunity to acquire information and the skills needed to make quality health decisions."The World Health Organization defined Health Education as "comprising of consciously constructed opportunities for learning involving some form of communication designed to improve health literacy, including improving knowledge, and developing life skills which are conducive to individual and community health.“ Health education can also be defined as the information and knowledge that can promote an individual health status. Health education is useless except if it is put into practice. The knowledge of health must be practice in our daily activities. Staying healthy is not just a matter of common sense. Rather it is a life long process that requires self-awareness, introspection, reflection, inquiry accurate information, and action. This process relies on the concept of wellness and implies that each of us has the opportunity and the obligation to assume responsibility for factors that are under our control and to shape our health destiny. Personal hygiene is the process of maintaining good health through maintaining a clean body and environment around us. Good hygiene is one of the most important practices to help with the prevention and spreading of infections and diseases. Cleanliness is of great importance in the prevention of many kinds of infections – infections of the gut, the skin, the eyes, lungs and the whole body. According to Encarta dictionary, Personal Hygiene is defined as the science dealing with the preservation of individual health or the practice of individual cleanliness. Personal hygiene requires the cleaning of all parts of the body (face, hair, body, legs and hands). The face and hair have to be cleaned because they accumulate germs, emit bad odours and make us dull reflecting one’s worth. Skin diseases such as ringworm, scabies, sweat fungi, etc., can also occur. The hands and finger nails have to be cleaned because the germs in between the fingers and finger nails cause contagious diseases such as diarrhea, worms, etc., and epidermophytosis. The teeth and mouth have to be cleaned because they emit bad odours, cause mouth and dental diseases such as cavities, gingivitis, etc., and stomach disorders due to indigestion. Thus, one’s face hair, body, legs and hands should be cleaned thoroughly, and the teeth brushed properly. Ears, an important part of the human body, should be kept clean and carefully protected from injury. Practice of personal hygiene should be carried out as daily, weekly, and monthly activities. Maintaining Personal Hygiene Good physical and emotional health helps our bodies and minds function properly without pain, anxiety, depression or discomfort. Improper hygiene can cause diseases, which can negatively impact our physical & mental well-being. Poor hygiene causes us to smell bad (due to bacteria), develop infections, and contact diseases such as flu, common cold, e-coli, salmonella, and skin diseases such as ring worm, and scabies. Other problems such as tooth decay, lice in the hair, and foot infections are also caused due to poor hygiene. Maintaining personal hygiene require: • Washing hands, face, hair and other parts of body, frequently • Brushing/cleaning teeth at least twice a day • Cleaning the living quarters including frequent change of clean bed sheets, pillow covers, and changing personal clothes and under garments, frequently • Using care to avoid soling clothes and body parts, when urinating, vomiting or relieving oneself in toilet • Washing hand before eating- especially after touching animals • Holding a tissue/handkerchief over the mouth when coughing or sneezing. If you use hands, make sure to wash them afterwards • Suppression of habits such as nose-picking, touching the face etc. • Not biting nails • Washing hands after using toilet CONSEQUENCES OF NOT MAINTAINING GOOD HYGIENE The following health related problems can occur if one does not maintain good personal hygiene: Head Lice: Lice are tiny insects that live on the human scalp; they make a pinprick like puncture on the scalp, emit an anti clotting substance and feed on the blood as nourishment. Lice thrive on unclean hair. Children are especially prone to lice infestation. Lice spread from one head to another when there is close contact, such in school environments. Lice eggs are wrapped in a shiny white sheath and show up on the upper layers of hair as the infestation increases. They make the scalp itchy and are a cause of annoyance and embarrassment. In infants they may cause disturbed sleep and bouts of crying. Unchecked, they can produce scalp infection. Bad Breath: Poor oral hygiene and infection of gums often results in a bad odor emanating from the mouth. Smoking can make this worse. Proper brushing of the teeth and oral care can get rid of bad breath. Other reasons for bad breath are include colds, sinuses, throat infections, tonsils, diseases of the stomach, liver, intestines or uncontrolled diabetes. If bad breath persists despite good oral hygiene care, you need to see a doctor. Ear wax: Ear wax accumulates in the ear canal that leads from the outer ear to the ear drum. As the secretion comes out of the ear it collects dust particles. Do not reach farther than you can with your little finger into your ear to clean it. Putting in hairpins, safety pins or blunt edged objects for cleaning inner parts of the ear might harm the ear. Ear wax should be cleaned by your doctor. Body odor: Fresh perspiration, when allowed to evaporate does not cause body odor. An offensive smell is caused when bacteria that are present on the skin get to work on the sweat and decompose it. This is especially so in the groin, underarms, and feet or in clothing that has absorbed sweat. Diet influences the odor too. Bathing everyday day and change of clothes in close contact with the body should take care of the problem. Talcum powders, of the non medicated kind, can be used under the armpits. The addition of perfumes masks the odor. Excessive perspiration can lead to the scaling of the skin or inflammation (Dermatitis). Usually this is no cause for worry. Some people sweat more than others due to hereditary and body composition factors. Excessive perspiration may also be a symptom of diabetes, anemia and hyperthyroidism. Urinary infection: Urinary infection causes pain or a burning sensation during urination. Chances of urinary infection increase during pregnancy and after major surgery. The urine can be discolored; itching, frequent urination, fever and chills can also result from urinary infection. To avoid this infection, improve overall hygiene, both – toilets and personal parts. Wash or wipe front to back after urinating or defecating. Remember this when wiping or washing babies too, as a general rule. Do not wear tight fitting synthetic underwear. Drink plenty of water. Do not hold back when you have the tendency to urinate. If the condition persists consult a doctor. Pinworms: These worms come out of the anal opening to lay eggs at night causing intense itching. Disturbed sleep, mild pain and diarrhea are possible consequences. When scratching, eggs stick to the hand and under the nails and infect anything the person touches. The eggs can pass through air or by contact with infected food or bed linen. The eggs cannot be killed by is infectants and remain active in the dust for a long period. Bed clothes, undergarments and nightwear of the infected person must be washed thoroughly in hot water. A doctor has to be consulted to treat the worm infestation; sometimes all member of the family may be asked to take de-worming medication when one member is affected. Those infected, must scrub hands well with soap before eating. Athletes Foot (Ring worm of the foot): A certain fungus that breeds in warm wet places – causes this infection, resulting in scaly skin or sores or blisters between toes - often spreading to the soles. Sometimes these skins cracks and sores become the site for other infections. Rub off peelings gently. Wash feet well and apply powder. A mild fungicidal ointment at bedtime will help. Keep feet exposed. If you have to wear shoes, wear cotton socks; if the blisters begin to ooze seek professional help from your doctor. Sickness is brought on by a violation of the laws of health. By observing the laws of health and caring well for the body, it is possible to avoid at least eighty percent of the sickness with which the majority of the people are afflicted. Observance of the laws of health brings that blessing which all men desire, namely, long life. Disregard of the laws of health brings upon one those calamities which all men fear, diseases. Human Disease, in medicine, any harmful change that interferes with the normal appearance, structure, or function of the body or any of its parts. Since time immemorial, disease has played a role in the history of societies. It has affected—and been affected by—economic conditions, wars, and natural disasters. Indeed, the impact of disease can be far greater than better-known calamities. An epidemic of influenza that swept the globe in 1918 killed from 20 million to 50 million people—two to five times more deaths than were caused by World War I (1914-1918). Within a few months, more than 500,000 Americans died of the 1918 influenza known as the Spanish flu. Many people erroneously think that disease is an unavoidable calamity. Physicians and scientists have now demonstrated that diseases are due to specific causes. Some diseases are due to the body’s not being supplied with the proper kinds of nourishment; beriberi is such a diseases. There are diseases that are caused by poisons entering the body; such a disease is phosphorus poisoning, which is often contracted by those who work in match factories. Diseases may be brought on by wrong habits; for example, wrong habits of eating may cause indigestion. Many ailments are caused by bacteria, virus, amoebae and worms. Most physical disabilities, however, have their foundation in wrong habits of thinking. Diseases have diverse causes, which can be classified into two broad groups: Communicable and Non-communicable diseases. Communicable diseases can spread from one person to another and are caused by microscopic organisms that invade the body. Non-communicable diseases are not communicated from person to person and do not have, or are not known to involve, infectious agents. Some diseases, such as the common cold, are acute, coming on suddenly and lasting for no more than a few weeks. Other diseases, such as arthritis, are chronic, persisting for months or years, or recurring frequently. COMMUNICABLE DISEAES This is a disease that can be transmitted from person or from lower animals to man directly or indirectly which can also be contagious or infectious. Healthy persons must be protected from people with these sicknesses. EXAMPLES Organism that causes the sickness Bacteria (microbes or germs) OF COMMUNICABLE OR INFECTIOUS DISEASES Name of the How it is spread Principal sickness or enters the medicine body Tuberculosis Through the air Antibiotics (coughing) Tetanus Some diarrhea Pneumonia (some kinds) Gonorrhea and Syphilis Earache Infected wounds Sores with pus Dirty wounds Dirty fingers, water, flies Through the air (coughing) Sexual contact With a cold Contact with dirty things Direct contact (by touch) Virus (germs smaller than bacteria) Fungus Internal parasites (harmful animals living in the body) External parasites (harmful animals living in the body) Colds, flu, measles, mumps, chickenpox, infantile paralysis, virus diarrhea From someone who is sick, through the air, by coughing, flies, etc. Aspirin and other painkillers (there are no medicines that fight viruses effectively. Antibiotics do not help.) Vaccinations help to prevent some virus infections. Rabies Warts Ringworm Athlete’s foot jock itch Animal bites Touch By touch or from clothing In the gut: worms amebas (dysentery) Feces-to-mouth Lack of cleanliness Sulfur and vinegar ointment: undecylenic, benzoic, salicylic acid griseofulvin Different specific medicines In the blood: malaria Lice Fleas Bedbugs Scabies Mosquito bite Chloroquine By contact with infected people or their clothes Insecticides, lindane NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Non-communicable diseases do not spread from person to person. They have other causes. Therefore, it is important to know which sickness are infectious and which are not. Non-Communicable or Non-Infectious diseases have many different causes. But they are never caused by germs, bacteria, or other living organisms that attack the body. They never spread from one person to another spread from one person to another. It is important to realize that antibiotics, or medicines that fight germs do not help cure non-infectious diseases. EXAMPLES OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Problems caused by Problems caused by something Problems caused by a lack of something that wears from outside that harms or something the body needs: out or goes wrong within troubles the body: Malnutrition the body: Pellagra Rheumatism Allergies Anemia Heat attach Asthma Goiter Epileptic fits Poison Cirrhosis of the liver Stroke Snakebite (part of the cause) Migraines Cough from smoking Cataract Stomach usher Cancer Alcoholism Problems people are born with: Problems that begin in mind (mental illness) Harelip epileptic (some Fear that something is harmful when it is not kinds) (paranoia) Crossed or wall-eyes retarded (backward) Nervous worry (anxiety) Other deformities children Belief in hexes (witchcraft) Birthmarks Uncontrollable fear SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DANGEROUS DISEASES Loss of large amounts of blood from anywhere in the body Coughing up blood Marked blueness of lips and nails (if it is new) Great difficulty in breathing, does not improve with health The person is so weak he faints when he stands up A day or more without being able to urinate The person cannot be wakened (coma) A day or more without being able to drink any liquids Heavy vomiting or severe diarrhea that lasts for more than one day or more than a few hours in babies Black stools like tar, or vomit with blood or feces Strong, continuous stomach pains with vomiting in a person who does not have diarrhea or cannot have a bowel movement Any strong continuous pain that lasts for more than 3 days Stiff neck with arched back, with or without a stiff jaw More than one fit (convulsions) in someone with fever or serious illness High fever (above 39o C) that cannot be brought down or that lasts more than 4 or 5 days Weight loss over an extended time Blood in the urine Sores that keep growing and do not go away with treatment A lump in any part of the body that keeps getting bigger Wellness, according toe Fahey, Insell and Roth (2003), is used to describe the situation where persons rise above their physical, mental or social limitation to live rich, meaningful, vital lives. Wellness implies that though one might have one forum or another disease or infirmity, he still able to perform his daily tasks while striving to achieve the ideal health status of the WHO. This make wellness a dynamic and an individualized process. It is individual who is performing his normal daily tasks despite the presence of an infirmity or not. It is the person who is striving to be free from all forms of diseases and infirmities, and be in a state of complete physical, mental and social well being. It could therefore be surmised that while health is an ideal end worthy of achievement wellness is the process of reaching the ideal state called health. Individual’s abilities to strive for this ideal health status, the process known as wellness, differ and could be measurable. Wellness is defined as a life-long process that at any given time produces a positive state of personal well being; of feeling good about you; of optimal physical, psychological and social functioning; and the control and minimization of both internal and external risk factors for both diseases and negative health conditions. It continued by saying that, wellness is a process rather than a goal. It implies a choice, a way of life. It means integrating the body, mind and spirit. It symbolizes acceptance of you. It suggests that what you believe, feel and do has influence on your health. However, it does not imply that we make the best choice in every situation. Benefits of Living a Wellness Lifestyle The national wellness Institute, (1997) outlined wellness benefits which says that ‘A wellness lifestyle offers the following benefits’ Increase energy level and productivity at work and school Decrease absenteeism from school and work Decreases recovery time after illness and injury Supplies the body with proper nutrients Improves awareness of personal needs and the ways to meet them Expands and develops intellectual abilities Increase the ability to communicate emotions to others and to act assertively rather than aggressively or passively. Promotes the attitude that life’s difficulties are challenges and opportunities rather than overwhelming threats. Increases ability to cope with stress and resist depression. Improve the cardio-respiratory system Increases muscle tone, strength, flexibility and endurance Improve physical appearance Help prevent or delay the premature onset of some forums of chronic disease Regulates and improves overall body function Promote self confidence Delays the ageing process Promotes social awareness and the ability to reach out to, understand and care about others. SPIRITUAL WELLNESS Spiritual wellness refers to when our values and beliefs are aligned with our actions and we can live in a state of harmony with the outer world while balancing our inner needs. Spirituality is a belief in a source of value that transcends the boundaries of the self but also nurtures the self. Everyone has a personal perception of spirituality. The spiritual components provides meaning and direction in life and enables you to grow, learn and meet new challenges. Spiritual wellness includes developing a strong sense of values, ethics, and morals. It overlaps with the emotional components of wellness. While spirituality may relate to religious percepts, it does not necessarily adhere to any particularly religious structure. Going to church or participating as a member of a spiritual community is a great way to foster your Spiritual Wellness. There are also a variety of simple spiritual practices that can help you get connected anytime, anyplace: Meditate. Simply meditating for five minutes can help clear your mind and reconnect your heart with the bigger picture. Just sit quietly and breathe deeply for five minutes and let go of all thought. May sound like a challenge, but repeatedly trying five minute meditation sessions over time will help you learn a new way of seeing the world. Pray. Whatever your spiritual practice, you can pray. Essentially, prayer is a meditation on your beliefs and connecting with whatever higher power you ascribe to. Simply speaking in this way to your higher power for a few minutes reminds you that you’re not alone. Read something inspirational. There’s an affirmation, meditation or uplifting spiritual message out there for every moment and every spiritual thought. When you’re in need of a spiritual lift, reading something inspirational can help you strengthen that connection and send you soaring. SOCIAL WELLNESS Social wellness involves building healthy, loving, and supportive relationships with your family, friends, colleagues, and significant other. Our relationships have a significant impact on the happiness and fulfillment we feel in our lives. They provide us with a support system to get through life's challenges and bear witness to life's joys and triumphs. Social means having the ability to interact successfully with people and one’s personal environment. Social health is the ability to develop and maintain intimacy with others and to have respect and tolerance for those with different opinions and beliefs. There are numerous studies report on the advantages patients surrounded by a network of family and friends have over patients without a social support system in recovering from surgery or coping with chronic conditions. Murphy (1998), purported that in one study for example, researchers monitored the health of nearly 7000 participants for more than seventeen years. They found that those lacking social connections were two to three times more likely to experience premature death than their socially connected peers. The same study found that older people who stay socially connected to other by volunteering live longer than those who don’t volunteer. Social activities, such as visiting friends, attending church, a movie, a play, a sporting event, a club, or other group event; or playing games, forestall infections and protect against disease. The researchers concluded that adults, young and old, should stay connected either to other people, a pet, or a favourite hobby. PHYSICAL WELLNESS The Harvard Medical School (1998), advocated that physical component of wellness involves the ability to carry out daily tasks, develop cardio-respiratory and muscular fitness, maintain adequate nutrition and a healthy body fat level, and avoid abusing alcohol and other drugs or using tobacco products. In general, physical health is an investment in positive lifestyle habits. Physical wellness is an involved process through which a person becomes aware of, and makes intelligent choices towards the seeking of physical, emotional, spiritual, social, and intellectual wholeness. Here are more views on the spectrum of what is physical wellness: Awareness of the body’s true identity, depth of feelings, tension patterns, reactions, balance and harmony Respecting your body’s own uniqueness and diversity Engaging in practices that move you towards a higher level of health Improved cardiovascular, flexibility, strength capacity Improved knowledge about functional nutrition Wellness is an interactive process of becoming aware of and practicing healthy choices to create a more successful and balanced lifestyle. Physical wellness is not gained overnight; it is cultivated over time. You must appreciate and value the relationship between sound nutrition and the functioning of the body. BENEFITS OF EXERCISE Physical wellness involves understanding that eating well, exercise, and healthy lifestyle choices are important; that making healthy lifestyle choices today will affect how you feel tomorrow, how long you live, and perhaps more importantly the quality of your life. The followings are some of the benefit of exercise: Reduction of the incidence of low back pain Provision of more energy for work without fatigue Development and sustenance of stronger bones Enhanced efficiency in the performance of motor tasks Better relaxation and better sleep Increased cardiovascular endurance Feeling better today than yesterday Ability to strengthen the body, relax the mind and toughen the spirit Decrease in the ageing process Decrease in psychosomatic diseases and disorders Increase in general physical performance capacity and wellness Increased alertness, and Reduction in body injuries and domestic accidents. EMOTIONAL WELLNESS Emotional wellness is the ability to control stress and to express emotions appropriate and comfortably. It is the ability to recognize and accept feelings and not be defeated by setbacks and failures. Achieving emotional wellness allows you to experience life’s ups and downs with enthusiasm and grace and maintaining satisfying relationships with others. Emotional Wellness is about understanding the full range of your feelings and how they are affected by the world around you.It is in our nature to experience both positive and negative emotions and the key to achieving equilibrium and wellness, is to find balance between the two. By recognizing your strengths and accepting your limitations, you will attain greater selfacceptance, which is the key to achieving emotional wellness. Many studies report on the connection between wellness and emotional health. New England Journal of Medicine, (1999), reported that anger, for example, is a powerful emotional tool that has consistently been found to increase the risk of heart attacks. In a recent study involving men who had both coronary heart disease and high scores for anger and hostility, participants who participated in an eight-week anger management course were less angry and their blood pressure dropped significantly. The benefits were still apparent two months later. Participants in the control group whose anger score remained the same experience an increase in blood pressure. Other large-scale studies involving thousands of men and women now acknowledge that anger-prone people have a nearly threefold higher risk than others of suffering a heart attack or dying from heart disease. When life is going smoothly, it’s easy to feel happy and centered. But, as you all know, life’s not always so peachy and difficult situations arise that test out ability to manage stress and cope. Anger, grief, and depression are three significant negative emotions that are impactful on our lives. Understanding how these emotions arise and how to manage them is crucial to creating emotional wellness. INTELLECTUAL WELLNESS Intellectual Wellness is centered on learning and keeping the mind engaged in stimulating activities. Tufts University (2001), spoke about intellectual wellness. They said intellectual components of wellness involve the ability to learn and use information effectively for personal, family, and career development. Intellectual wellness means striving for continued growth and learning to deal with new challenges effectively. It means acting on accepted principles of wellness and assuming responsibility for eliminating the discrepancy between knowledge and behaviour, often referred to as the health behaviour grip. For example, people know that they should wear their seat belts and that they should not smoke, yet many people do not buckle up and continue to use tobacco products. For wellness to occur, people must internalize information and act on it. An intellectually well person understands and applies the concepts of locus of control and self-efficacy. Locus of control refers to a person’s view of attitude about his or her role in wellness and illness. A person’s locus of control may be either internal or external. When people view problems concerning their health or other parts of their live as generally out of their control (when they view themselves as being at the mercy of other people, place, and events), they have an external locus of control. On the other hand, people who have an internal locus control view their own behaviours as having significant effects, feel that they are at least partially the masters of their fate, and recognize that they can change the course of their health. People with internal locus of control are more likely to succeed in wellness activities, because the assume the necessary responsibility for their actions. Another influence on intellectual wellness is self efficacy. Self efficacy refers to a person’s belief in his or her ability to accomplish a specific task or behaviour. Self efficacy is not earned, inherited, or acquired; it is something you bestow on yourself. They concluded that for high-level wellness to be achieved, people must see themselves as successful and believe that they can accomplish a task. Although locus of control establishes an attitude toward one’s role in achieving wellness, self efficacy establishes behaviour. Self efficacy links knowing what to do and accomplishing the task. Together, an internal locus of control and a strong sense of self-efficacy are powerful tools in promoting wellness and coping with illness. Any activity that expands your mind is geared toward this area of wellness. Learning new languages, reading, pursuing hobbies, going to museums, and creating art are all activities that support brain development. Intellectual Wellness may be one of the most overlooked wellness aspects—and one of the easiest to tune into. Every time you learn something new, you’ve supported your Intellectual Wellness. In just five minutes a day, you can: Read. Read a few pages of a book, magazine, online resource or newspaper. Regular reading helps strengthen your ability to think, teaches you something new, and helps reduce the risk of deterioration of the brain in later life. Get creative. For five minutes, do something creative. Draw a quick picture with colored pencils just for fun or write a short poem. Even the smallest burst of creativity may inspire you to greater Intellectual Wellness. Listen to educational programming. You can learn a new word, pick up some grammar tips, or learn a new fact in just five minutes. All across the internet there are podcasts and video casts that give you quick little lessons for Intellectual Wellness. OCCUPATIONAL WELLNESS Occupational wellness is the ability to achieve a balance between work and leisured time. Attitude about work, school, career and career goals greatly affect work or school performance and interactions with others. Striving for occupational wellness adds focus to your life and allows you to find personal satisfaction in your life through work (Mayo Clinic, 1999). Five Minutes to Occupational Wellness It’s really easy to lose your peace of mind at work sometimes. Your job is going to get stressful, but if you just take five minutes a day to support your Occupational Wellness, work won’t seem so hard: Update your resume. Simply updating your resume may give you a lift. If you’re discontent at your current job, looking at and improving your resume will help you get in the mood to change your situation. Even the smallest step in the right direction can make your current situation seem more hopeful. Build in break time. Many people sit down to work and never stop. It’s important for your Occupational Wellness to take a five-minute break every now and then. Not only does this cut down on work stress, but it refreshes your mind and makes you better able to focus on the task at hand. Make a friend. Have a friendly conversation with a co-worker for a few minutes everyday. This will make going to work seem more fun and less like “work.” ENVIRONMENTAL WELLNESS Environmental wellness is about trying to live in harmony with the planet. According to Consumer Union, (2000) environmental wellness is the ability to promote health measures that improve the standard of living and quality of life in the community, including laws and agencies that safeguard the physical environment. To illustrate the impact of environment on wellness, they said one should consider the differences in mortality (incidence of deaths) and morbidity (incidence of sickness) between earlier times and today. Environmental Wellness is one of 7 Aspects of Wellness. We may not think much about Environmental Wellness as part of an overall wellness plan, but our environment and how we feel about it can have a huge impact on the way we feel. Environmental Wellness encompasses not just our relationship with the planet and nature but our relationship with our personal surroundings as well. It involves taking care of our possessions, homes, cars, and places of business. When our personal surroundings are well cared for, clean and organized, we experience a greater sense of comfort and less anxiety. Environmental Wellness also involves caring for and appreciating nature. By understanding the impact of your lifestyle on the environment and taking action to protect the world around, you will enjoy a higher level of wellness. It may sound odd, but the quality of your life is related to the state of the Earth. Environmental Wellness affects the other 7 Aspects. It’s hard to feel good when your space is messy or disorganized. Caring for our homes and other personal environments also helps us maintain a sense of personal care It reminds us that we love ourselves. All of this is great for Emotional Wellness as well as Environmental Wellness. Connecting with nature can help you feel more connected spiritually as well, leading to a greater understanding of what Spiritual Wellness means to you. Environmental wellness is about learning how you can protect yourself against environmental hazards and reducing your carbon footprint. Some Easy things you can do to increase your environmental wellness: • Turn off the water while brushing your teeth • Use energy efficient light bulbs • Buy green cleaning products and detergents • Pick up litter when you see it • Bring your own bag when you go grocery shopping • Plant a tree or flower to beautify your environment • Continue to make environmental wellness a priority • Eat sustainable fish that are free from contaminants Follow the tips and guidelines recommended on this page and you will experience a greater level of environmental wellness. SEX EDUCATION Sex Education, broadly defined, any instruction in the processes and consequences of sexual activity, ordinarily given to children and adolescents. Today the term usually refers to classroom lessons about sex taught in primary secondary schools. Sex education is a lifelong process. It is a systematic training and instruction which prepare a person from early childhood through school to adulthood, to deal effectively with the problems and social relationship directly or indirectly associated with the sex urge. Sex education includes all the educational measure which in anyway may help the young people to meet the problems of life that have their babies in sex instinct and inevitably come in some form into the experience of every normal human being. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTS AND CHILDREN Historically, the task of instructing adolescents about sex has been seen as the responsibility of the parents. But parent-child communication in sexual matters may be hindered by parental inhibitions or by various intergenerational tensions, and studies have shown that children rarely receive their first information on sexual matters from their parents. In the late 19th century, attempts by educators and social workers to supplement parental sex instruction concentrated on what was then known as “social hygiene”—basically, biological and medical information about human reproduction and venereal disease. In the post-World War II era, however, the relaxation of tradtitional social norms governing sexual activity, as well as the torrent of sex-related information available to children via the mass media, made a more sophisticated and comprehensive program of sex education seem desirable to many. The obvious forum for such an effort was the public school. In the mid-20th century, many U.S. school districts established sex-education programs that ranged from a few lectures given to secondary school students to integrated and comprehensive lessons beginning in kindergarten and extending through 12th grade or junior college. The variety of subjects covered include the physical processes of human reproduction; the workings of male and female sex organs; the origin, dissemination, and effects of venereal disease; family roles and structures; and the emotional and psychological causes and consequences of sex, marriage, and parenting. Frequently, however, the larger societal and ethical questions stemming from sexual behavior, being highly subjective in nature, are not regarded as appropriate to a strictly factual approach. At all levels of instruction, teaching methods may include visual aids, lectures, and moderated discussions. SEXUAL ORIENTATION Sexual orientation may become a question during puberty or adolescence. The term sexual orientation refers to a person's erotic, romantic, or affectional attraction to the other sex, the same sex, or both. A person who is attracted to the other sex is labeled heterosexual, or sometimes straight. A person attracted to the same sex is labeled homosexual. The word gay may be used to describe homosexuals and is most often applied to men, whereas the term lesbian is applied to homosexual women. A person who is attracted to both men and women is labeled bisexual. A transsexual is a person whose sense of self is not consistent with his or her anatomical sex—for example, a person whose sense of self is female but who has male genitals. Homosexuality is not synonymous with transsexuality. Homosexual men's sense of self is male and lesbian women's sense of self is female. SEXUAL RELATIONS The young adult seeking answers to the questions, “what shall I do about sexual relations now?” and “How can I achieve a happy marriage?” is likely to find that the two questions are closely related. In seeking the behavioural pattern that will give the individual the greatest long-term satisfaction the student faces decision about continence, nonmarital intercourse, and premarital intercourse. Sexual Intercourse, physical sexual activity between human beings that involves the genitals. Nonmarital intercourse includes all intercourse between persons who are not married. It cannot claim the excuse of physical necessity since a person suffers no physical or mental injury from postponement of sex life. The sex experience itself, taking place in haste, anxiety, fear of discovery, and unsatisfactory surroundings may be unpleasant for one or both partners, building a negative attitude toward sex. Feeling of shame and self reproach are likely to follow with loss of respect for the partners. SEXUAL RISKS There are a number of pressing sexually related public health and social policy issues facing countries around the world today. According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in the United States a teen becomes pregnant every 30 seconds, and every 13 seconds a teen contracts a sexually transmitted infection (STI). For most people in the United States, engaging in heterosexual intercourse without the use of a condom is the behavior that puts them at greatest risk for infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and is often ultimately fatal. Although there is currently no cure for AIDS, there are medications that can help delay the onset of symptoms. Another serious sexually transmitted disease is syphilis, which if left untreated for many years, can lead to paralysis, psychiatric illness, and death. Gonorrhea and chlamydia may produce no obvious symptoms in a woman, but they can lead to sterility if she is not treated. Sexually transmitted diseases should be diagnosed and treated by qualified medical practitioners, and all sexual partners must be treated in order to avoid reinfection. Individuals can reduce their exposure to such sexual risks by practicing abstinence, using appropriate methods of contraception to avoid unwanted pregnancies, and using safer sex practices. Such practices include using condoms to avoid exchanging bodily fluids, limiting the number of sexual partners, and restricting sexual behaviors to those with less risk, such as manual stimulation and massage. Advantages of the Sex Education Sex education help to enlighten student as regard human reproduction Sex education serve as check to misuse and abuse of sex Sex education provides youth with information to be able to make balance, moral, decision about their own behavior It helps the student to recognize the signs and symptoms mode of transmission and causes of STDs (Sexually Transmission of Diseases) Sex education also help to reduce unwanted pregnancy or adolescent pregnancy Sex education helps the student to develop good inter-personal skills or relationship with both member of one’s own sex or opposite sex. References http//: www.six-dimensions-of-wellness.com Frank Allen Jones and William J. Meyer “Adolescence” Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. James, Jennifer. "Prostitution." Microsoft® Encarta® 2009. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation. Susan N. Herman ”Rape” Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. Microsft Corporation Jeanne M. Marrazzo “Sexually Transmitted Diseases” Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. Stephanie Ann Sanders “Human Sexuality” Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. Barnhouse, R. T., editor: Male and female: Christian approaches to sexuality, New York, 1976, the Seabury Press, Inc. Boston Women’s Health Book Colletive: Our bodies, ourselves, ed. 2 New York, 1976. Simon and Schuster, Inc. Brooks S.M. and Brooks N.A. “Personal and Community Health” Fifteen Edition, 1979. The C.V. Mosby Company. http//: www.healthic.net/tag/hygiene http//: www.healthic.net/tag/healtheducation http//: www.healthic.net/tag/healthawareness http//: www.healthic.net/tag/prevention http//: www.anxiety-and-depression-solutions.com/articles/health_wellness www.thewellnesschannel.us Introduction to 7 aspects of wellness: The feel bettter company, 2011. http://www.123FeelBetter.net/ www.wikipeidia.com/HealthEducation McKenzie, J., Neiger, B., Thackeray, R. (2009). Health Education and Health Promotion. Planning, Implementing, & Evaluating Health Promotion Programs. (pp. 3-4). 5th edition. 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Principles and Foundations of Health Promotion and Education. New York: Benjamin Cummings. Patterson, S. M., & Vitello, E. M. (2006). Key Influences Shaping Health Education: Progress Toward Accreditaion. The Health Education Monograph Series, 23(1), 14- 19. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. (2007). National Health Education Standards. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/SHER/standards/index.htm Coalition of National Health Education Organizations. Introduction. Health Education Code of Ethics. November 8, 1999, Chicago, IL. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from http://www.cnheo.org/code1.pdf Coalition of National Health Education Organizations. Introduction. Health Education Code of Ethics. November 8, 1999, Chicago, IL. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from http://www.cnheo.org/code3.pdf Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. (2007). National Health Education Standards. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/SHER/standards/index.htm Coalition of National Health Education Organizations. Health Education Code of Ethics. November 8, 1999, Chicago, IL. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from http://www.cnheo.org Donatelle, R. (2009). Health: The basics. 8th edition. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc. Joint Committee on Terminology. (2001). Report of the 2000 Joint Committee on Health Education and Promotion Terminology. American Journal of Health Education. McKenzie, J., Neiger, B., Thackeray, R. (2009). Planning, Implementing, & Evaluating Health Promotion Programs. 5th edition. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc. Simons-Morton, B. G. , Greene, W. H., & Gottlieb, N. H.. (2005). Introduction to Health Education and Health Promotion. 2nd edition. Waveland Press. World Health Organization. (1998). Health Promotion Glossary. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/hp_glossary_en.pdf. David Werner, (2000). Where There is No Doctor a village health care handbook for Africa. Revised Edition, for Africa published 2000. Published by Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Anderson, C.L., Morton, R.F. & Green, L.W. 1978. Community Health Mosby Company 3 Edition, Saint Louis. The C.V Mosby Company pp. 144. Ahmad and Al-Tirmidhi, (2011): Health Care Education “Personal Hygiene”. www.hidaya.org.