Download Chapter 9 Surface Water

Last test… WATER!
 Chapter 9 – Surface Water
 Chapter 10 – Groundwater
 Chapter 15 – Earth’s Oceans
 Tentative Test Date :
Page 222
9.1 Surface
Water Movement
 The Water Cycle = repeated evaporation and
condensation powered by the sun.
The pathway may spend time within a living organism or
as part of a glacier, lake, ocean, etc.
Runoff
 = water that flows downslope along Earth’s surface
 May join a stream, evaporate, or accumulate and turn
into GROUNDWATER.
 4 main conditions determine whether if runoff
becomes groundwater:
 1. Soil Composition
 2. Rate of Precipitation
 3. Vegetation
 4. Slope
Stream Systems
 Not all precipitation doesn’t
enter the ground immediately.
 TRIBUTARIES – Rivers that flow into other
rivers/streams
 WATERSHED – all of the land area that
contributes/runs off into the stream
 DIVIDE – a high land area that separates one
watershed from another.
Stream Load
= The material that a stream carries.
The stream load can be carried in 1 of 3 ways:
1. Materials in suspension – large materials are carried
in faster moving water.
2. Bed Load – larger pieces of a stream that can’t be
carried by water, but instead is pushed and rolled.
3. Materials in Solution –minerals that are dissolved
and carried away in the water.
Floods
 = Occurs when water spills over the sides of the
stream’s banks
 Floodplain = broad, flat area that extends out from the
water
Flood Stages
 Water continues to rise even though the rain has
stopped because the watershed is still bringing water
to the stream!
 The highest water level of a stream is called the
CREST. Once it passes the crest it is now said to be at
FLOOD STAGE.
9.2 Stream Development
 Stream channels –the moving water carves a narrow
path in the rock.
 The water begins to accumulate and cuts deeper into
the channel. This is called the stream bank
Meanders
 = a bend or curve in a stream
channel caused by water.
At some point the stream may
begin to straighten again,
leaving behind oxbow lakes.
9.3 Lakes and Freshwater
Wetlands
 = body of water surrounded by land
 Can be formed from several things:
1. Oxbow lake
2. Stream becomes blocked
3. Retreating glaciers
Wetland
 = any land area that is covered with water for a part of
the year.
 Different types:
Bogs
2. Marshes
3. Swamps
1.
Importance of Wetlands
 They serve as valuable ways to improve water quality
by trapping pollutants, bacteria, etc.
 Serve as vital habitats for migratory water birds
and homes for other.
In the past, the wetlands were filled with land in
Which to build on. They are now of great concern.