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Christian Ministry 1 Week 4 - Substitutionary Atonement Preparation... • Please turn your assignments into the In-Basket on the table. • In Genesis 4:7, God tells Cain, “...sin is crouching at the door. It’s desire is for you, but you must rule over it.” • What does the phrase, “It’s desire is for you” mean here? Introduction • So far... • Theology Proper - study of God’s person and attributes • Christology - study of Christ (the person of Jesus Christ • Anthropology - the study of humans Introduction • Tonight starting Soteriology • Week 4: Substitutionary Atonement • How did God make our salvation possible? • Week 5: Eternal Security • How does salvation change our standing with God? • Is our salvation secure or can we lose it? Introduction • Tonight starting Soteriology • Week 6: God’s Sovereignty and Human Choice in Salvation • Did we choose our salvation, or does God determine in advance who will be saved? Introduction • All major religions are concerned with salvation, but differ on the two most important salvation issues: • Humanity’s biggest problem • The Solution to Humanity’s biggest problem Introduction • Humanity’s biggest problem • Animistic religions - view our biggest problem as appeasing the various spirits that control different aspects of our lives. (tribal religions) • Pantheistic religions - view our biggest problem as desire (Buddhism) or ignorance of our oneness with God (Hinduism). Introduction • Humanity’s biggest problem • Monotheistic religions (Judaism; Christianity; Islam) - view our biggest problem as true moral guilt—our objective guilt before God because of our violations against his holy character. Introduction • The solution to the problem • All other major world religions except for Christianity teach that salvation (however it is defined) is something that we must accomplish or earn through religious observances and/or good works Introduction • The solution to the problem • Only Biblical Christianity teaches that God accomplished salvation for us, and that we receive his gift of salvation by trusting his promise Introduction • The Bible teaches that God makes salvation available to us through substitutionary atonement. • “Substitutionary atonement” means that God in his love provides a blameless substitute to bear his righteous judgment for our sins. Introduction • Substitutionary Atonement Notes: • Substitutionary atonement is a "given" in the Bible. • We can explain its logical coherence Introduction • Substitutionary Atonement Notes: • Substitutionary atonement is a "given" in the Bible. • We can explain its logical coherence • We can provide analogies of it from human life Introduction • Substitutionary Atonement Notes: • Substitutionary atonement is a "given" in the Bible. • We can explain its logical coherence • We can provide analogies of it from human life • We cannot accomplish it on our own • —his Introduction righteousness — in his love and justice and mercy Substitutionary Atonement Notes: demand the God provides payment of that payment •death Godfor was not obligated in any way to our for us himself. provide atonement for us sins • It is a free, unmerited gift extended by God • (1 John 4:10) - The motivation for the atonement comes from within God himself • —his Introduction righteousness — in his love and justice and mercy Substitutionary Atonement Notes: demand the God provides payment of that payment •death Godfor was not obligated in any way to our for us himself. provide atonement for us sins • It is a free, gift us extended by Knowing this oughtunmerited to stir within a Godgratitude that God has provided, at deepening infinite cost to himself, a way to forgive us and (1 John 4:10) though - The motivation for the fully accept us even we daily deserve atonement comes from within God his judgment! himself • Introduction • Substitutionary Atonement Notes: • God was not obligated in any way to provide atonement for us • Both the Bible and animistic/tribal religions emphasize the offering of sacrifices, but they view these sacrifices in very different ways... Introduction • Substitutionary Atonement Notes: • Differing views on animal sacrifices TRIBAL RELIGIONS THE BIBLE The gods’ wrath is arbitrary and capricious (moody). God's wrath is rational and dependable. Sacrifice is often meeting a god’s physical need (hunger, sensuality). Sacrifice satisfies God's righteous wrath upon our sins. The worshipper innovates ways to appease the gods. God ordains and prescribes the way to atone for sin. The sacrifice is an animal, vegetable, mineral, or a human. The sacrifice is ultimately God himself in human form. Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Progressive Revelation • God revealed his plan of salvation gradually over time. • Not something Jesus or apostles made up • Taught all throughout the OT (predictions and foreshadows) • NT authors could say that SA was according to the scriptures (Paul - 1 Cor. Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • Clothing for Adam and Eve (Gen 3:21) • Adam and Eve were ashamed of their nakedness after they sinned, and sought to cover their shame by dressing in fig leaves • God rejected this way of dealing with their guilt by providing clothing made "Immediately after their rebellion, (Adam and Eve) were now afraid and tried to cover themselves. Progressive of S.A. But in verse 21, God took Rev. this covering away and gave them a coat of skins . . . This indicates, I believe, that man could not stand before God in his • Before Jesus’ Death own covering. Rather, he needed a covering from God—a coveringfor of Adam a specific • Clothing andnature—a Eve (Gen covering 3:21) that required sacrifice and death, a covering not Godbut teaching and that a provided Was by man by GodAdam . . . It is myEve opinion death to occuroffor their and that this was thehad beginning the Oldshame Testament to be truly covered? sacrificialguilt system looking forward to the coming of the One who would crush Satan’s head . . . God Summary: of animals was himself provided thisDeath picture.” provided to cover our shame and guilt • • ~Francis A. Schaeffer, Genesis in Space and Time, The Complete Works of Francis A. Schaeffer, Volume 2 Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • Cain and Abel’s offerings (Gen. 4:3-5) • God had apparently already instructed Adam and his children that they must approach him through sacrifice. • Hebrews 11:4 tells us that Abel’s sacrifice was acceptable because it was offered by faith. Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • Cain and Abel’s offerings (Gen. 4:3-5) • Cain’s sacrifice was evidently rejected because it was not offered by faith. Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • Cain and Abel’s offerings (Gen. 4:3-5) • Cain’s sacrifice was evidently rejected because it was not offered by faith. • SUMMARY: God instructed humans to approach him through faith by the sacrifice that HE prescribes. Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • Noah’s sacrifice (Gen. 8:20,21) • Noah had obviously been instructed about animal sacrifice—including which animals were “clean.” • This sacrifice is connected with the idea of sinful people avoiding God's judgment—God accepted this sacrifice and promised never to destroy the earth Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • Noah’s sacrifice (Gen. 8:20,21) • Because of inherited human depravity (8:21), we are dependent upon God's mercy and forbearance. So, sacrifice is probably thus a picture of how God extends that mercy. • SUMMARY: God extends mercy to sinful human beings through HIS chosen Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • Abraham’s offering of Isaac (Genesis 22:1-18) • Note: Abraham and Isaac had knowledge about animal sacrifice, including what would serve as an acceptable animal • God orchestrated this event, in part, as a prophetic picture of the way he would provide a sacrifice for our sins: Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • Abraham’s offering of Isaac (Genesis 22:1-18) • God later made it very clear that he detested child sacrifice as a form of religious worship Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • Abraham’s offering of Isaac (Genesis 22:1-18) • God later made it very clear that he detested child sacrifice as a form of religious worship • SUMMARY: The location (Moriah) of the future sacrifice; the identity (only Son) of God’s Substitute; a picture of the horrible Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • The Passover meal (Ex. 12:1-14) • The good news was that God was going to judge Egypt so that Pharaoh will let God's people go (11:4-8). • The bad news was that the Israelites would be judged also—unless they observed this ritual. If they did observe it, his judgment would “pass over” those Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • The Passover meal (Ex. 12:1-14) • After they experienced this, God ordained • this to become the great Spring Festival for Israel Note the following key elements of this ritual meal: (see bullets in notes) Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • The Passover meal (Ex. 12:1-14) • After they experienced this, God ordained • • this to become the great Spring Festival for Israel Note the following key elements of this ritual meal: (see bullets in notes) SUMMARY: Substitute must be without defect; individuals must place faith in the death of the substitute to avoid judgment; Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • The Day of Atonement (Lev. 16:1-22**): • We may come into God's presence only in the way which he prescribes—or else his holiness will consume us. Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • The Day of Atonement (Lev. 16:1-22**): • We may come into God's presence only in the way which he prescribes—or else his holiness will consume us. • The high priest was the only one who could enter the Holy of Holies, and he had to dress and bathe in a way which symbolized purity (16:4). Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • The Day of Atonement (Lev. 16:1-22**): • The Ark of the Covenant was a box a little larger than a family-size cooler (roughly 45”x27”x27”). It resided in the Holy of Holies, a cube-shaped room (15’x15’x15’) in the center of the tabernacle. The phrase "Ark of the Covenant" literally means the “box of the evidence.” The contents of the Ark were an indictment against the sins of the people. Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • The Day of Atonement (Lev. 16:1-22**): • Box of evidence: • MANNA: rejection of God's provision • ROD: rejection of God's leadership • TABLETS: rejection of God’s law (rebellion and stubbornness) Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • The Day of Atonement (Lev. 16:1-22**): • Two cherubim (angels often associated with God’s righteousness) were attached to the mercy seat, one on either end. They faced each other and looked down onto the top of the mercy seat apparently viewing God’s mercy covering the sins of His people. Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • The Day of Atonement (Lev. 16:1-22**): • Two goats were used as sin-offerings representing the nation of Israel. • The blood sacrifice for the nation’s sins that year Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • The Day of Atonement (Lev. 16:1-22**): • Two goats were used as sin-offerings representing the nation of Israel. • The blood sacrifice for the nation’s sins that year • The scape goat to carry away the nation’s guilt Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • The Day of Atonement (Lev. 16:1-22**): • Two goats were used as sin-offerings representing the nation of Israel. • Chosen by lot ➔ teaches that the sacrifice is chosen by God rather than by humans. • They were offered to the Lord at the doorway of the tent of meeting ➔ may emphasize that God is communicating substitutionary atonement to all the people. It may also foreshadow Jesus’ public Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • The Day of Atonement (Lev. 16:1-22**): • The Day of Atonement is a powerful symbol of God’s provision for dealing with our true moral guilt—God removes our sin from us through the death of a substitute. • The fact that this sacrifice had to be reenacted year after year indicated the insufficiency and temporary nature of the Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • The Day of Atonement (Lev. 16:1-22**): • SUMMARY: Greater development of separation caused by sin; removal of guilt through the death of a substitute; the priest is a mediator who must be “clean;” the emergence of the priest from Holy of Holies signifies God’s acceptance of the sacrifice Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • The Anonymous Servant (Isa. 52:13-53:12**) • This passage shows that God never viewed • the animal sacrifices as satisfactory in themselves. They were always a prophetic picture of God's chosen forgiveness —a blameless Jewish person whose voluntary death would pay for the sins of both Jews and Gentiles. Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • The Anonymous Servant (Isa. 52:13-53:12**) • This passage shows that God never viewed • the animal sacrifices as satisfactory in themselves. They were always a prophetic picture of God's chosen forgiveness —a blameless Jewish person whose voluntary death would pay for the sins of both Jews and Gentiles. Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • The Anonymous Servant (Isa. 52:13-53:12**) • NOTE: Why is the Servant described in the past tense? • This is a stylistic device ("prophetic past tense"), in which God often describes future events in the past tense to emphasize his sovereignty over human history (see Jer. 51:24-32). • Furthermore, the passage indicates that this Servant's death is a future event (see Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • The Anonymous Servant (Isa. 52:13-53:12**) • NOTE: What about the view that the Servant is the nation of Israel? • 53:8 says the Servant is killed “for the transgression of MY people.” • Also that he is righteous (unlike Israel), and that he is described as an individual, not as a nation. Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • The Anonymous Servant (Isa. 52:13-53:12**) • SUMMARY: God will send a blameless human to atone for humanity's sin; he will die and be resurrected. Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • John the Baptist’s description of Jesus’ mission (Jn. 1:29) • John the Baptist (the last Old Testament prophet) declared that Jesus was the fulfillment of the symbolism in the sacrificial system and the stream of prophecy predicting that a man would come and “take away” (airo - “bear”) the sin of the world. Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • John the Baptist’s description of Jesus’ mission (Jn. 1:29) SUMMARY: Jesus’ substitutionary death was his main mission. • Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • Jesus’ own claim about his mission (Mk. 10:45) • “For even the Son of Man came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many.” • Jesus clearly understood that his substitutionary death was his main mission in his First Coming • SUMMARY: Jesus’ substitutionary Progressive Rev. of S.A. death was his main mission. Before Jesus’ Death • Jesus’ own claim about his mission (Mk. 10:45) • Jesus did not go to the cross merely to be the perfect expression or example of sacrificial love. • Although the cross does communicate this, its primary purpose was to actually pay for our true moral guilt. Paul insists that unless Jesus' death was atoning, it was needless (Galatians 2:21). Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • Jesus interprets the Passover meal (Matt. 26:26-30) New Covenant: • 1) the day when all Progressive Rev. of S.A. God’s people would know him Before Jesus’ Death personally, • Jesus interprets the Passover meal 2) when God will (Matt. 26:26-30) empower them to obey his The head of the household normally commands, and passed the bread out in silence—but Jesus • spoke (26:28), explaining that itthey 3) when represented his death receive which would complete inaugurate the New Covenant (Lk. of 22:20) forgiveness their that was promised in Jer. 31:31-34. sins. Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • Jesus interprets the Passover meal (Matt. 26:26-30) They normally drank four cups during the celebration • Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • Jesus interprets the Passover meal (Matt. 26:26-30) They normally drank four cups during the celebration • The third cup was called the “cup of redemption,” and Jesus explained its significance in 26:28 • The fourth cup was called the “cup of consummation” looking forward to God's future kingdom, but Jesus refused to drink • Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Before Jesus’ Death • Jesus interprets the Passover meal (Matt. 26:26-30) • The Jews customarily ended this meal by singing Ps. 116-118. Note Ps. 118:6-9, 17, 18, 22, 23 which speaks prophetically of Jesus' death and resurrection. • SUMMARY: Jesus’ death is the ultimate fulfillment of the Passover meal, and the means through which God brings the blessings of the Progressive Rev. of S.A. • At Jesus’ Death • Jesus was crucified on the Day of Passover, as the ultimate Passover Lamb (1 Cor. 5:7). • One of Jesus’ last statements from the cross was “It is finished” (Jn. 19:30), which announced that his death fulfilled God’s plan of substitutionary atonement. Progressive Rev. of S.A. • At Jesus’ Death • Matt. 27:45-54 narrates three unique events that demonstrated that Jesus’ death was an atoning sacrifice: • (27:45) - The land was covered with darkness, which signified that God was pouring out his judgment on his Son as he bore our guilt. Progressive Rev. of S.A. • At Jesus’ Death • Matt. 27:45-54 narrates three unique events that demonstrated that Jesus’ death was an atoning sacrifice: • (27:51) - The Temple curtain was torn at the moment of Jesus’ death. This signified that Jesus’ death had opened the way into God’s presence for all who come through him. Progressive Rev. of S.A. • At Jesus’ Death • Matt. 27:45-54 narrates three unique events that demonstrated that Jesus’ death was an atoning sacrifice: • (27:52,53) - Dead believers were raised from the dead after Jesus’ resurrection, signifying that Jesus’ death and resurrection broke the power of sin and death. Progressive Rev. of S.A. • After Jesus’ Death • Rom. 3:21-28 Progressive Rev. of S.A. • After Jesus’ Death • Rom. 3:21-28 • 3:21 says that the Old Testament clearly taught and predicted salvation through substitutionary atonement. • 3:23,24* explains humanity’s dilemma and concisely explains Jesus’ atoning death as the answer Progressive Rev. of S.A. • After Jesus’ Death • Rom. 3:21-28 • 3:25 explains that God “passed over” the sins of the Old Testament believers because of Jesus’ future payment for them. They were NOT forgiven by the animal sacrifices. • 3:26 summarizes substitutionary atonement as the way God can accept Progressive Rev. of S.A. • After Jesus’ Death • Rom. 3:21-28 • 3:22,25,26,27,28 emphasize the necessity of faith in Christ’s atoning sacrifice. This is not universalism (salvation for all regardless of belief), but salvation by grace alone, through Christ alone, through faith alone. • Note the three terms Paul uses to describe the freedom we receive through Jesus’ substitutionary atonement: HUMAN SETTING MEANING SPIRITUAL RESULT Justification Rom. 3:24 Law-court Acquitted; declared innocent Freedom from guilt Bondage in Redemption Rom. 3:24 Egypt; slave-market Delivered by payment of ransom Freedom from bondage TERM PASSAGE Propitiation Rom. 3:25 Temple Satisfaction of Freedom from judgment wrath Progressive Rev. of S.A. • After Jesus’ Death • Hebrews 9:11-14, 23-26 • This passage contrasts the temporary and insufficient sacrificial system of the Old Testament with Jesus’ atoning death: LEVITICAL SYSTEM (Old Covenant) WHO? Sinful priest The Old Earthly tabernacle; WHERE? Covenant is temple now obsolete. JESUS' DEATH (New Covenant) Christ/Messiah Heaven; the presence of God WHAT? Animal sacrifices His own blood WHEN? Year after year Once for all Ceremonial cleansing RESULT? Full salvation only Progressive Rev. of S.A. • Why is it that we no longer do animal sacrifices? • Not because we now see they are primitive, barbaric, etc. • But because they have been fulfilled by the most terrible sacrifice of all! And now that Jesus has fulfilled the Old Covenant system, it is obsolete (Heb. 8:13). Ritualism contradicts God’s Progressive Rev. of S.A. movement from ritual to personal • This is why New Testament Christianity relationship. should not be ritualistic. • Old Covenant worship prescribed a ritualistic approach to God in order to teach God's people the elements of redemption. • But now that Christ has come and God's Spirit indwells us, God wants us to relate to him personally rather than ritualistically (Gal. 4:311). Summary • Substitutionary atonement is the heart of biblical theology/soteriology. Apart from it, there is no salvation!! Summary • Substitutionary atonement is the heart of biblical theology/soteriology. Apart from it, there is no salvation!! • People have always been saved by grace through faith (Heb. 11:2), and always through Jesus’ death. Questions? Next Week • Soteriology (3 weeks) • Substitutionary Atonement • Eternal Security • Calvinism vs Arminianism Memory Verses • Please note: the last page of your notes gives a description of the verses, not the actual wording of the verses • Leviticus 16** • Isaiah 53** • Romans 3:23,24* Assignment • Read Rom. 8:1, 31-39 and summarize what it seems to say about whether we can lose our salvation; • Read Heb. 6:4-6 & 10:26-31and summarize what it seems to say about whether we can lose our salvation; • Write one paragraph attempting to harmonize Romans’ & Hebrews’ seeming contradiction. Corporate Prayer