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Year 8 - Semester 2 – Science
Topics:
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Elements and compounds
Organs Systems
Chemical Change
Keywords:
Elements and Compounds
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Atom
Compound
Element
Mixture
Pure substance
Properties
Atomic number
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Nucleus
First 20 elements
Chemical Change
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Chemical change
Physical change
Reactant
Product
Properties of materials
Organs Systems
Digestive System:
 Peristalsis
 Absorption
 Oesophagus
 Stomach
 Small intestine
 Large intestine
 Rectum
 Anus
 Mouth
 Tongue
 Saliva
 Salivary glands
 Enzymes
 Protease
 Lipase
 Amylase
 Pancreas
 Pancreatic juice
 Liver
 Bile
 Gall bladder
 Bolus
 Chyme (?)
Respiratory System:
 Mouth
 Nose
 Pharynx
 Epiglottis
 Trachea
 Oxygen
 Carbon dioxide
 Respiration
 Inhalation
 Exhalation
 Lungs
 Bronchi/bronchus
 Bronchioles
 Alveolus/alveoli
 Diffusion
 Bloodstream
Circulatory System:
 Heart
 Ventricles
 Atriums
 Deoxygenated blood
 Oxygenated blood
 Valves
 Veins
 Arteries
 Capillaries
 Pulmonary artery
 Pulmonary vein
 Superior vena cava
 Inferior vena cava
 Aorta
 Heartbeat
 Pulse
 Systolic pressure
 Diastolic pressure
 Pacemaker
 Blood
Key points to remember:
ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
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All matter is made up of atoms. Solids, liquids and gases.
What makes up an atom? Structure of an atom.
How any different types of atoms exist? Think about the periodic table.
Substances made up of one atom are called elements – give examples.
Elements have chemical symbols eg H is for Hydrogen but Na is for Sodium.
Molecules are when two or more atoms join together - chemically. Can be same or different
atom – give examples.
Compounds exist when at least two or more different atoms join together – give examples.
All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds – explain and provide
examples.
A pure substance is made up of only one atom – give examples.
A mixture includes different compounds – provide examples. Think about soft drink or salt
water.
USE DIAGRAMS TO HELP EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWERS. SEE BELOW FOR EXAMPLE.
ORGAN SYSTEMS
1. What are organ systems made up of? What are organs made up of? What are tissues made
up of? What are cells made up of?
2. What do living organisms require to live – oxygen and nutrients.
3. How do we get these two vital things into our bodies?
4. Digestion – nutrients. Respiratory – oxygen. How does our cells get oxygen and nutrients –
circulatory.
5. What is digestion?
6. What are the different types of digestion? Where do they exist in the system?
7. What is the difference between the digestive tract and the digestive system?
8. Explain each part of the digestive system in detail (start by explain the moment food touches
our mouth to going to the toilet) and explain the function of each organ, any structural
features too. Eg – stomach has muscular walls to allow for mechanical digestion.
9. Enzymes assist with chemical digestion. Explain this in detail and where we might find
particular enzymes.
10. Explain the differences between the small and large intestines.
11. Explain the function of the villi in detail and be able to sketch a diagram of it.
12. What will happen if the liver fails?
13. What will happen if the pancreas fails?
14. What will happen if the gall bladder fails?
15. What will happen if the small or large intestine fails?
16. What is respiration?
17. How do you distinguish the difference between inhalation and exhalation – what is an easy
way to remember the difference in these words?
18. Explain the structure (what they look like, why are they made that way?) and function of the
following body parts: nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and diaphragm.
19. How does the epiglottis work? What happens when we are drowning? What happens when
we burp?
20. What happens when we choke?
21. Explain the pathway of oxygen entering the body from mouth/nose to the blood stream.
22. Explain the pathway of carbon dioxide exiting the body from bloodstream to the
atmosphere.
23. How does oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the blood stream and the alveoli
24. The human circulatory system functions to transport oxygen and nutrients to cells and
carbon dioxide away from cells.
25. Explain and be able to draw the heart and its four chambers.
26. Outline the direction of blood through the heart, to the lungs and to the body and back. Do
this by explaining the life of a blood cell – we will be doing a project on this next term!
27. Explain when parts of the heart fail. Eg, right atrium, left ventricle – what part of the body
will struggle to get blood.
28. Explain the ‘lub dub’ sound of a heartbeat.
29. Explain the structure of the heart based on the differences between the right and left side –
left side has thicker muscle because it needs to pump blood around the body.
30. What is the difference between arteries, veins and capillaries? Explain them using diagrams
and state their function.
31. Why are valves so important in this system?
CHEMICAL CHANGE
1. A chemical change occurs when substances react chemically with one another to form a new
substance (new compound) and the properties of the substance changes. Find and provide
examples of this. Eg. Rusting.
2. A physical change occurs when the physical properties of a substance, such as state, change
but the chemical composition of the substance stays the same. Eg: liquid water to steam.
3. Explain chemical reactions using equations. Reactants are what causes a reaction to start
and products are produced as a result of the chemical reaction.
Reactants → Products Note: Coefficients mean that there is 2 water molecules (2 x H2O)
and 2 molecules of H2 (2 x H2)
4. We can use equations to determine whether a chemical or physical change has taken place
by looking at reactants and products as well as states.
(s) solid (l) liquid (g) gas (aq) aqueous solution.
AT YEAR 8, YOU DO NOT NEED TO KNOW HOW TO WRITE OR UNDERSTAND THESE
EQUATIONS! ALL YOU WILL NEED TO BE ABLE TO DO IS STATE THE REACTANTS AND THE
PRODUCTS AND DETERMINE IF A NEW SUBSTANCE HAS BEEN PRODUCED.
IN THE ABOVE EXAMPLE:
sodium hydroxide and iron (II) chloride are reactants.
sodium chloride and iron (II) hydroxide are products.
Since the reactants and products are completely different i.e new products have formed
from the reactants, this is a chemical reaction.
5. The usefulness of a material is dependent upon its chemical and physical properties.
Understand what each of these properties mean and/or provide a definition and example
for each of these properties.
Physical Properties
1. Melting Temperature
2. Boiling Temperature
3. Freezing Temperature
4. Colour
5. Density
6. Magnetic
7. Electrical/Heat Conductivity
8. Malleablity
Chemical Properties
9. Smell
10. Reactivity with water
11. Flammability
12. Toxicity
13. Acidity
HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES YOU CAN USE TO HELP YOU
SUMMARISE/REVISE FOR THIS EXAM…
Topic:
Key Words:
Summary of information:
Questions:
Diagram or Visual representation of information:
Summary: Simple sentence summary or Key ideas summary: