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Bones Review What are the functions of bones? Support – form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs Protection – provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs Movement – provide levers for muscles Mineral storage – reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus Blood cell formation – hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones What is the purpose of bone markings? Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons Joint surfaces Conduits for blood vessels and nerves What are the axial and appendicular skeleton? • Axial consists of the skull, vertebral column and the girdles attached to (pectoral and pelvic) them What do the cranium bones provide? • protects the brain and is the site of attachment for head and neck muscles What do the facial bones provide? – Supply the framework of the face, the sense organs, and the teeth – Provide openings for the passage of air and food – Anchor the facial muscles of expression What is the purpose of the hyoid bone? • Attachment of the tongue Name two parts of the vertebral curvature that is convex. • Thoracic and pelvic Name two parts of the vertebral curvature that is concave. • Cervical and lumbar Which part of the vertebrae has five fused bones? • The sacrum The over curvature of the thoracic vertebrae is called ______. • Kyphosis or hunchback The over curvature of the lumbar vertebrae is called _________. • Lordosis or swayback The pads between vertebrae that take most of the impact of the body. • Intervertebral Discs Make up the vertebral canal through which the spinal cord passes • Vertebral foramina The first vertebrae is called the _________. • atlas The atlas pivots with the ______. • axis The sacrum used to be _______ individual vertebrae. • 5 The last two pair of ribs that aren’t attached are called ______. • Floating ribs What three bones forms the pectoral girdle? • Humerus, clavicle and scapula Which bone is considered one of the weakest of the body? • clavicle The head of the femur articulates with the __________. • acetabulum The anterior articulation of the coxal bones forms the ____. • Symphysis pubis Occur between the bones of the skull • sutures Examples include the connection between the tibia and fibula, and the radius and ulna • Fibrous Structural Joints: Syndesmoses The peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket • gomphoses Examples Include: – Epiphyseal plates of children – Joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum • synchondroses • Examples include intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis • symphysis Examples – all limb joints, and most joints of the body • Synovial joints flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid • bursae Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints • Hinge joints Examples are the knuckles • Condyloidal joints Give an example of a saddle joint. • thumb Give examples of ball and socket joints. • The hip and shoulder Give examples of gliding joints • The carpals and tarsals Give examples of the pivot joint • The atlas and axis • The hip What holds muscle to bone? • tendons What holds bone to bone? • ligaments Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones • diaphysis Expanded ends of long bones • epiphysis double-layered protective membrane of bone • periosteum • weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen • lamella • central channel containing blood vessels and nerves • Haversian Canals • channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal • Volkman’s Canals • small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes • lacunae • hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal • canaliculi Give examples of long bones • Humerus, femur, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula Give examples of flat bones • Cranial, sternum Give examples of irregular bones • Vertebrae, pelvic Give examples of short bones • Tarsals, carpals What part of the long bone contains the spongy bone? • epiphysis What part of the long bone has the compact bone? • diaphysis What are the differences between osteoclasts and osteoblasts? • Osteoclasts-destroy bone cells • Osteoblasts-make bone cells
