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₰ Most historians describe a civilization as a complex culture consisting
of five key characteristics:
₰ Advanced cities
₰ Specialized workers
₰ Complex institutions
₰ Record keeping
₰ Advanced technology
₰ Advanced Cities – a city isn’t determined solely on the size of
population, but through being a center of trade for a large area
where merchants, farmers, and traders bring goods to the
market
₰ Most historians describe a civilization as a complex culture consisting
of five key characteristics:
₰ Advanced cities
₰ Specialized workers
₰ Complex institutions
₰ Record keeping
₰ Advanced technology
₰ Specialized Workers – specialization (development of skills)
allowed people to become artisans, or skilled workers who make
goods by hand, to create a wide range of crafts that helped cities
become centers of trade
₰ Most historians describe a civilization as a complex culture consisting
of five key characteristics:
₰ Advanced cities
₰ Specialized workers
₰ Complex institutions
₰ Record keeping
₰ Advanced technology
₰ Complex Institutions – long-lasting patterns of organization, or
institutions, such as governments, religions, and economies,
often centered around a religious building like the temple
₰ Most historians describe a civilization as a complex culture consisting
of five key characteristics:
₰ Advanced cities
₰ Specialized workers
₰ Complex institutions
₰ Record keeping
₰ Advanced technology
₰ Record Keeping – government officials, priests, and merchants
used scribes, professional record keepers, to keep track of laws,
calendars, and payments, as well as writing about dramatic
events such as wars and natural disasters
₰ Most historians describe a civilization as a complex culture consisting
of five key characteristics:
₰ Advanced cities
₰ Specialized workers
₰ Complex institutions
₰ Record keeping
₰ Advanced technology
₰ Advanced Technology – new tools and techniques used to help
solve problems and make life easier, such as the plow, the
potters wheel, and bronze objects made during the Bronze Age,
a time when people used bronze rather than copper and stone
₰ In the desert lands between the Persian Gulf and the
Mediterranean Sea, two important rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates,
were the location of an ancient civilization called Mesopotamia.
₰ Fertile Crescent – unique crescent-shaped farming land located
between the two rivers
₰ Sumerians first arrived in the region around 3,500 B.C.E.
₰ Sumerians developed a number of cities, each surrounded by fields
₰ City-states shared the same culture, but developed their own
governments with their own rulers.
₰ At the center of Sumerian city-states was the ziggurat, a religious
temple and city hall run by priests (theocracy), though during
times of war, military leaders were chosen . These leaders
eventually became monarchs, passing the rule onto their heirs,
and creating a dynasty, or series of rulers from a single family
₰ As Sumer’s city-states prospered and grew, they came into contact
with other peoples in the Fertile Crescent, namely the Semites
₰ Sumerians began to absorb ideas and products from neighboring
cultures, leading to cultural diffusion
₰ Sumerians were polytheistic, believing in about 3,000 gods
₰ One of the earliest works of literature in the world was the Epic of
Gilgamesh
₰ As the civilization grew, Sumerian society developed into social
classes
₰ Priests and kings were the highest class, followed by the wealthy
merchants. The majority of Sumerians were artisans and field
workers, as well as slaves (foreign prisoners and sold children could
work for toward freedom)
₰ Women were equal to men, except in education for scribes
₰ Sumerians developed many important technologies, such as the
wheel, the sail, and the plow
₰ They were the first to use bronze, developed cuneiform (“wedgeshaped” pictorial writing system), create the maps on clay tablets,
develop a number system in base 60 (resulting in modern time
measurements and the degrees of a circle), as well as architectural
innovations, such as arches and ramps
₰ The
As the
SumerianEmpire
city-states
became
more
theyalong
were the
in near
Babylonian
stretched
from
thepowerful,
Persian Gulf
constant war
withMediterranean
one another from
to 2,000
time,
certain
Euphrates
to the
Sea 3,000
and reached
itsB.C.E.
peak Over
during
the reign
political
centersfrom
became
to extend their control over other
of
Hammurabi
1792powerful
B.C.E. to enough
1750 B.C.E.
₰ Hammurabi’s Code was a single code of laws used to unify a diverse empire and
city-states
one of the
first written
of law inofrecorded
history
₰ was
The Semitic
Akkadians
fromcodes
the city-state
Akkad were
the first to unite many
₰ There
were 282
laws
stoneB.C.E.,
that established
equal
cities under
the specific
control of
onecarved
king inin2350
and were able
to spread the
punishments
for everyone
applied
principle of retaliation
preserved Sumerian
cultureand
beyond
thethe
Tigris-Euphrates
Valley
₰ The
Code became
reinforced
principle
that government
had a responsibility
for
Akkadian
thethe
primary
language
of Mesopotamia,
though they were
what
occurred inmerely
society200 years later by another Semitic group called the
soon overcome
Amoritesits early history, the Babylonian Empire rose and fell
₰ Throughout
₰ The
nomadicwarriors
Indo-European
Hittite
people invaded
Babylonia
using
₰ These
nomadic
invaded
Mesopotamia
in 2,000
B.C.E.
andthe new
technologythe
of horse-drawn
overwhelmed
Akkadians war chariots and iron weapons, though they left
1,200 B.C.E.
₰ around
The Akkadian
civilization was then divided into two parts: Assyria in the north
₰ Babylonia
theninbecame
a hot potato for numerous peoples and empires for
and Babylonia
the south
600 yearsestablished their capital at Babylon along the Euphrates River
₰ next
The Amorites
₰ The decline of many of the early river valley civilizations came about the
same times as the spread of the Indo-European peoples
₰ Indo-Eduropeans were a seminomadic pastoral people who came from the
steppe lands of the Caucasus Mountains between the Black and Caspian Seas,
spreading throughout Eurasia from 1,700 to 1,200 B.C.E.
₰ Because the Indo-Europeans were skilled horsemen, their invention of the
chariot allowed them to spread far in all directions
₰ Historians are able to decipher where different Indo-European tribes settled
based on the languages they spoke
₰ Slavic-speakers moved north and west to the Baltic and East European
regions
₰ The Germanic, Celtic, and Italic languages moved west throughout Europe
₰ Greek and Persian-speakers moved south
₰ For those Indo-Europeans who moved east to North India and Iran, the
Sanskrit language was established
₰ Another major river valley civilization was established in an area
west of the Fertile Crescent in North Africa along the northward
flowing Nile River called Egypt
₰ Upper Egypt – southern stretch of the Nile River from Memphis to the
First Cataract (just north of the Tropic of Cancer)
₰ Lower Egypt – northern delta of the Nile River from Cairo to the
Mediterranean Sea
₰ The Nile River was essential for Egyptian way of life
₰
₰
₰
₰
Promoted transportation and trade between Upper and Lower Egypt
Helped unify Egypt’s villages
Provided a yearly fertilization cycle of the region (flood, plant, harvest)
Sheltered Egyptians from outside contact by the desert
₰ By 3,200 B.C.E., Egyptians began trading caravan goods with the
Mesopotamians, and by 2,000 B.C.E., they traded with Nubia and Kush to
the south along the Nile
₰ Cultural diffusion occurred mostly between the Egyptians and
migrating peoples from other parts of Africa, and to a lesser
degree, from the Fertile Crescent
₰ By 3,200 B.C.E., Egypt was under the rule of two separate
kingdoms, Upper and Lower Egypt
₰ According to legend, an Upper Egyptian king named Menes joined
the two regions around 3,100 B.C.E. and established the first
Egyptian dynasty
₰ Before 2660 B.C.E. and the establishment of the Old Kingdom under
the Third Dynasty’s rule, little is known
₰ Unlike Mesopotamia, Egyptian leaders weren’t representatives to
the gods, they were gods known as pharaohs
₰ In Egyptian’s theocracy, the pharaoh was responsible for the
kingdom’s well-being and continued ruling even after death
₰ The great age of pyramid building occurred during the Old Kingdom
₰ The pyramids were rectangular prisms built as burial places for
the pharaohs
₰ These pyramids show Egyptians had developed enough
economic strength to support massive public works projects, as
well as leadership and government organization to carry them
out
₰ Like
theirscribes
Mesopotamian
neighbors,
were polytheistic
Egyptian
created an
advancedEgyptians
flexible system
of pictographic writing
₰ Because
Egyptians which
believed
in anbe
afterlife,
they built
tombs
andalphabet
preserved
called
hieroglyphics,
could
used almost
likegreat
letters
in an
dead
person’s
bytablets,
mummification
they could
have ause
of it in the
₰ aThey
first
wrote body
on clay
but later so
invented
papyrus,
paperlike
material
afterlife
created from reeds near the Nile River
₰ They were
also buried
with
other objects,
such asincluding
food, clothing,
andform
jewelry,
₰ Egyptians
developed
many
practical
inventions,
an early
of
that the
would need,
as well as the Book of the Dead
geometry
fordead
architects
and farmers
₰ Egyptians
had first
a similar
structure
as the Mesopotamians
₰ They were
to usesocietal
stone columns
in architecture,
create an accurate calendar
₰ The
royal family
the top,
other upper
class
(onlypharaoh
six hoursand
difference
fromwere
solaratyear),
andfollowed
scientificby
medical
knowledge
members (wealthy
landowners,
government
officials,
priests,
and army
₰ The weakening
pharaohs’
power ended
the Old
Kingdom
around
2,180 B.C.E.
with merchants
and artisans
after them,
and ending
with
₰ commanders),
The Middle Kingdom
began a hundred
yearscoming
later, resulting
in improved
trade
the
and largest,
group of farmers
(andbut
later,
and lowest,
transportation
by connecting
the Nileand
andunskilled
Red Sea workers
to the east,
it soon
slaves)
came to an end when the chariot-riding Hyksos invaded in 1,640 B.C.E. (about
₰ Unlike
thetime
Mesopotamians,
Egyptians
had social
mobility, orand
andthe
ability
toRiver
move
the same
as nomadic invaders
attacked
Mesopotamia
Indus
between
classes
through
Valley farther
to the
east)marriage and success in their jobs
₰ Women were also considered equals to men in Egyptian society
₰ Unlike the early civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt, little is
known about the origins or decline of the Indus River Valley
civilization
₰ Located along the Indus and Ganges Rivers between mountain ranges
and a large desert, the Indus Valley civilization arose about 2,500
B.C.E., due partly to the seasonal monsoons
₰ Because of these natural boundaries, the Indus Valley was protected
from invasion , though was able to trade with distant peoples,
including Mesopotamians, through the use of the Indus River
₰ While the Egyptians were erecting pyramids, the people in the
Indus Valley were laying the bricks of India’s first cities
₰ The largest cities were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
₰ The Indus Valley people were remarkable city planners, creating a
precise grid system with a fortified area containing all the major
buildings of the city (citadel), as well as separate residential areas
₰ The Indus Valley engineers also created sophisticated plumbing and
sewage systems
₰ The advanced city planning suggests the Indus people had a strong
central government
₰ What little knowledge of the early Indus Valley civilization comes
from the remains archaeologists find in their dig sites
₰ Based on the artifacts found, archaeologists suggest that the Indus
civilization was generally stable
₰ The lack of weapons found suggests conflict was limited
₰ Clay and wooden children’s toys suggest the society could afford
to produce nonessential goods
₰ Religious artifacts have been found, linking the culture of the Indus
peoples to modern Hindu culture (polytheistic)
₰ Stone stamps and seals were probably used by the Indus merchants
to identify their goods
₰ Sumerian objects have been found in the Indus Valley ruins and
Indus seals have been found in Sumer, indicating long-distance
trade
₰ Trade began as early as 2,350 B.C.E. and continued until 2,000
B.C.E.
₰ Around 1,750 B.C.E., Indus cities began to decline
₰ Though many theories persist about the decline, none are conclusive
₰ Around the time the Hittites were invading Mesopotamia, another IndoEuropean people called the Aryans migrated to the region in 1,700 B.C.E.
₰ The Vedas, a religious text, helps anthropologists piece together Aryan culture
₰ The polytheistic Aryans lived their lives according to the Vedas, which led
to the establishment of Hinduism in India, and later Buddhism in East Asia
₰ Aryans developed a caste (social class) system based on skin color
₰ The four social classes began with the Brahmin, or priests, followed by the
warriors, then the peasants and traders, and lastly, the shudra (laborers).
Those who were considered “unclean” were called the untouchables, and
were left outside the caste system itself
₰ As the Aryans became more powerful, the individual minor kings of the
territorial kingdoms began fighting with one another
₰ In the sixth century B.C.E., the Magadha kingdom controlled the region and
further expanded to the south, occupying almost all of the Indian subcontinent
₰ The last eastern early civilization was found in China along the
Huang He and Yangtze Rivers roughly 1,000 years after the
Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Indus River civilizations began
₰ Because of the surrounding mountains, plateaus, and desert, the early
Chinese civilization formed along the fertile farming area created by
the Huang He and Yangtze Rivers among these natural barriers
₰ China’s relative geographic isolation prevented increased trade
with other early peoples; however, invasions repeatedly
occurred throughout China’s history
₰ Around 2,000 B.C.E., China’s first cities began
₰ Though unsubstantiated, legend has it that the first dynasty (Xia)
established flood-control and irrigation projects
₰ About the time Mesopotamians, Egyptians, and Indus Valley peoples
fell to invaders, the Shang Dynasty began (1,532 to 1,027 B.C.E.)
₰ The oldest and most important city was Anyang, built mainly of
wood with massive city walls; these walls (probably taking about
twelve years to build) demonstrate the ability to raise and control
large forces of workers
₰ Shang society was sharply divided between nobles and peasants
₰ The nobles (professional warriors headed by a king) lived within the
city, while peasants and artisans lived outside the city walls, working
the land and manufacturing bronze objects and silk
₰ People’s lives were governed by their duties to their family and
their king, or emperor, creating strong bonds of unity
₰ Family was central to Chinese society, and as such, respect for one’s
parents was essential
₰ Elder men controlled the family’s property and made decisions, while
the women were considered inferior and were expected to obey
₰ Families were closely linked to religion through the spirits of their
ancestors, helping and hindering the lives of the living
₰ Through the spirits of the ancestors, Shang kings consulted their
gods (polytheistic)
₰ Earliest Chinese writing comes from the oracle bones of the priests
₰ Because Chinese written and spoken languages were separate,
people throughout China could learn the same writing system,
though few became literate because of the vast number of
characters that had to be memorized
Despite 1,027
its natural
barriers,
China
was invaded
by the
nomads
from
the north
₰₰ Around
B.C.E.,
the Zhou
Dynasty
overthrew
Shang
dynasty,
(modern-day
Mongolia)
around
770 B.C.E., weakening the dynasty greatly
adopting
much
of the Shang
culture
₰ During
this
chaotic
time their
of warring
feudal
lords,
most
influential
₰ Zhou
leaders
justified
new reign
through
theChina’s
Mandate
of Heaven,
or the
scholar
Confucius
restore social order, harmony, and good
divine
approval sought
for royalto
authority
government
₰ This view became central to the Chinese view of government
₰ Confucius’s
teachings
about
reform focused
not onlythe
on the
social
₰ Because
the Zhou
Dynasty
controlled
lands beyond
Huang
Heorder
and of
the
family
with filial
piety
(respect
for one’s
parents/elders),
butmembers
also of of the
Yangtze
Rivers,
control
over
different
regions
was given to
ordertrusted nobles, establishing a system of feudalism
royalgovernmental
family and other
₰ According to Confucius, education was the key for creating a working
(political system in which nobles, or lords, are granted the use of lands that
government, laying the groundwork for the creation of a bureaucracy, or a
legally
belong
the king)
trained
civiltoservant
to run the government
₰ Though warfare was common among the feudal states, the era produced many
₰ Another influential thinker of the time established Daoism (a philosophy
innovations
based₰onEstablishment
a search of knowledge
through
of city roadsand
andunderstanding
canals, coined money,
civilnature)
servants, and
₰ Political thinkers
called legalists
government
should use
law to
cast iron products,
such asbelieved
weapons the
(crossbow)
and agricultural
tools
end civil disobedience by stressing punishment over rewards
While nomadic
peoples
the eastabout
spread
across
Africa,
Europe,
₰ Though
it is unclear
whatofbrought
the
demise
of the
Olmecand
Asia around
20,000
B.C.E.,ended
some around
ventured
further
peoples,
their
civilization
400
B.C.E.east across the icecovered
Bering
Strait to began
establish
civilizations
in Mesoamerica
₰ The
Zapotec
civilization
emerging
in Southern
Mexico by the
₰ The
bridge
Beringia
nomadic hunter-gatherers from Asia
time
theland
Olmec
society
had allowed
collapsed
to cross
over to
North
America
in search
the roving herds
₰ By
500 B.C.E.,
the
Zapotec
civilization
hadofconstructed
temples,
monumentalfirst
sculptures,
had developed
early form
of
₰ Mesoamerica’s
knownand
civilization,
or thean“mother
culture”,
was
hieroglyphics
system
the Olmec
peopleand
of calendar
Southern
Mexico
₰
first realfrom
urban
center
in the
Americas
was Monte
Alban,
located
₰ The
Flourishing
1,200
to 400
B.C.E.,
the Olmec
civilization
was
located
at
the the
top Gulf
of a mountain,
which
come
to and
boast
25,000
along
of Mexico due
to would
the fertile
soil,
was
made up of a
inhabitants
pyramids,
temples, and
small ruling and
classcontained
of prieststowering
and nobles,
who commanded
thepalaces
lower
₰ Like
Olmec peoples, the Zapotec civilization influenced later
classthe
peasants
of polytheistic
the region through
their hieroglyphic
language
₰ peoples
They were
and worshipped
the jaguar,
creatingand
large stone
calendar
system
based
onGreat
the movement
of the
sun, assculpted
well as the
monuments,
such
as the
Pyramid, and
colossally
heads,
development
of cities
Alban
and trading with
othersuch
partsasofMonte
Mesoamerica
₰ The Olmec culture influenced many things, including the Mayan culture,
art (jaguar motif), pattern for urban design, planned ceremonial
centers, ritual ball games, and an elite ruling class
₰ The first South American civilizations emerged in the northern
Andes region of Peru along the Pacific Ocean coastal plain
₰ The Chavin culture began in the Andes Mountains in 900 B.C.E. who
built pyramids, plazas, and massive earthen mounds until their
decline in 200 B.C.E.
₰ Believed to be primarily a religious center rather than a commercial or
governmental site for ancient Peruvians
₰ The Chavin are believed to have laid the foundation for later
civilizations in Peru, thus acting as the “mother culture” for the region
₰ The Nazca flourished along the Peruvian coast beginning in 200
B.C.E. and lasted until 600 C.E.
₰ The Nazca developed irrigation systems and underground canals to
combat the dry environment
₰ The most intriguing, and beguiling, aspect of Nazcan culture comes
from the famous Nazca Lines that still remain a mystery today
₰ The wealthy Moche civilization lasted from 100 B.C.E. to 700 C.E.
through farming the fertile northern coast of Peru and were famous
for their pottery