Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Improvisational theatre wikipedia , lookup
Development of musical theatre wikipedia , lookup
Augsburger Puppenkiste wikipedia , lookup
Theatre of the Oppressed wikipedia , lookup
Theatre of the Absurd wikipedia , lookup
History of theatre wikipedia , lookup
Theatre of India wikipedia , lookup
Medieval theatre wikipedia , lookup
Shamanism • Common to all traditional cultures, the shaman is a priestly figure who communicates directly with the gods through ritual for the benefit of the community. Employing elements of performance such as characterization, dialogue, music, song, dance, illusion, clowing, ventriloquism, and hypnotism. Dance • Expressing the rhythms of life and common to all humanity, dance is another origin of theatre. Animal imitation, pantomime, gymnastics, and rhythmic movement entertained all early humans. Ritual Dates to 2500 B.C • Through repeated, unvaring, and symbolic actions of ritual, early humans sought to achieve success in battle and hunting; to ensure adequate rain and sun; to express their duty to the community and to the Gods. The art and artifacts of preliterate peoples around the world all attest to this universal human habit of ritual that appears to have ben the original theatre. Storytelling • Closely related to ritual is myth. Myth and stories have certainly entertained and educated human beings since the beginnins of language. Oral storytelling traditions like the Odyssey. With human tendency to imitate and elaborate, these tales provided a great storehouse of plots for subsequent dramatists. Origin of Greek Theatre • The Greek philosopher Aristotle, who observed the basic human tendency to imitate, recognized the origins of Greek Theatre in the dithyramb, a hymn sung and danced to honor the god Dionysus. This had evolved from earlier ecstatic dances by female celebrants of shamanism. • Showed Episodes from the God’s Life. Roman Theatre • Theatre for Entertainment • Used Stock Characters Golden Age of Greece Greek Drama 500-400 B.C. • The Greeks of Athens invented Western Drama. Athenian playwrights used myths and legends drawn from Homer and other sources, but shaped them to reflect contemporary issues. Theatre was a civic duty: the writer and actor helped the people confront current political or religious problems. Decline of Western Theatre (692 A.D) • Before the byzantine Emperor Justinian married her, the Empress Theodora was an actress. While secular authority wavered, the Church firmly opposed the Theatre. In 692 A.D. a Church council passed a resolution intended to forbid theatrical performances of all kinds. This ended Theatre in the WEST. Sanskrit Drama 200 A.D. • Theatre in India • Natyasastra (The Science of Dramaturgy) was the first guide to acting, makeup, costume, and dance. Plays in India’s classical language, SANSKRIT, appeared as early as 100 A. D., but the best date from after 320. • Sanskrit plays were never tragic, good triumphed evil. Theatre in China (618-906) • Tang Dynasty in China, the elements of story, dance, song, and comic pantomime came together in a single performance. Unlike the permanent theatre space typical of Greek Drama, the performance are in China was established by the simple method of drawing a chalk circle on the ground. Medieval Theatre (925) • Medieval Theatre grew out of religious ritual; in the case of Easter liturgy of the Church. The story of Christ’s Resurrection was transformed into dramatic dialogue delivered by priests. Types of Medieval Drama • Mystery Play—depicted episodes from the Bible. • Miracle Play—depicted the lives of saints or martyrs. • Morality Play—personified virtues and vices in dramas depicting the moral struggle of the soul. Hroswitha and Hildegard (900s) • German nun (Hwoswitha) became the 1st woman to write plays for over a thousand years. She wrote in a comic form to tell the lives about saintly women and teach lessons about virtue. • Hildegard was a German nun who wrote musical plays which personified virtues aid the human soul in its struggle to get to heaven. Noh Drama (1300s) • Kanami Kiyotsugu and Zeami Motokiyo developed Noh Drama, one of the great traditional forms of Japanese theatre. In Noh plays, masked male actors employ highly stylized dance and poetry to tell stories of ghosts, doomed love, and revenge. Rennaisance Set Design 1400s • Enabled rennissance builders to reconstruct classical scenic designs • Sebastinano Serilo’s Architettura (1545) followed this classical tradition, but was greatly influenced by the Renaissance innovaton of linear perspective. • Set Design could be used for any type of play. Commedia Dell’arte (1500s) • Its origins shrouded in mystery, commedia dell’arte, a professional form of theatrial improvisation with STOCK CHARACTERS and standard comic routines, or lazzi, became very popular in ITALY and flourished for 200 years. Rise of English Drama • Ideas came late to England, and Midevil influences went well into the 1500s. Elizabeth 1 banned all religious plays. • Christopher Marlowe—playwright for Dr. Faustus, play combined new conventions of England and elements of a medieval morality play. William Shakespeare • Playwright • Wrote Histories, Comedies, Tragedies, and Pastoral. • He thought that the script is only important until the actors knew their lines. • Never published until after death in FIRST FOLIO of 1623. • Noted for having “immortal” characters Kabuki Theatre • One of the prinicipal forms of Japanese theatre, Kabuki came into existence around 1600 when a female dancer named Okuni created performances combining traditional Buddhist dances with more popular contemporary forms. Kabuki performances by women were banned inaugurating the tradition of female impersonation by male actors. French Neoclassical Theatre • Based on critical theories of Greek thinker Aristotle and the Roman poet Horace, the neoclassical ideal was influential throughout Europe in the mid 1600s. Time, Place, Action; division of plays into five acts; purity of genre; and the concepts of decorum and verisimilitude were taken as rules of playwriting. Masques • Popular from the early 1600s, English court masques were expensive, lavish spectacles that combined huge casts, gorgeous costumes, scenry, and music, and elaborate stagecraft flying machines. Moliere • Comedic playwright, inspired by commedia dell’arte. • Introduced indoor settings in his works. • Died onstage during a performance • Famous Play—Tartuffe, a study of religious hypocrisy. Restoration Drama • Comedy of Manners, Aristocratic personalities were amplified and mocked. • Saw the arrival of the first women to act professionally. Spain’s Golden Age • 1580-1680, coinciding the the height of Spain’s wealth and power, this period saw the work of such playwrights as Lope de Vega and Pedro Calderon de la Barca. • The typical performance space in this era was a corral, or courtyard theatre. David Garrick • The greatest British actor of the 1700s, Garrick dominated the stage from his sensational debut as Richard III. • Garrick managed the Drury Lane Theatre, where he introduced a number of innovations, including closely supervised rehearsals, 3D stage settings, and concealed stage lighting. Theatre in America • The first playhouse in the American colonies was built in Williamsburg, Va in 1716. • Colonial theatre got a new start with the arrival in 1752 of English acting troupe headed by William Hallam, which marks the beginning of professional theatre in America. Middle-Class Audience • 1700s, the middle class emerged as the dominant element among British theatregoers. This taste developed two new theatrical forms— sentimental comedy and domestic tragedy. • Sentimental comedy—Steel’s (The Funeral)--the emphasis is not on the laughter, but is on virtue triumphant. • Domestic tragedy—Lillo’s (The London Merchant) shows the destruction of a good man who yields to Temptaion. Goldoni vs. Gozzi • Itallian Theatre • Both playwrights used Commedia dell’arte in different ways. • Goldoni wrote plays in which the stock characters and situations of the commedia were made more realistic. • Gozzi wrote plays that emphasized the fantastic elements that Goldoni avoided. Laughing Comedy • In 1773, British playwright Oliver Goldsmith attacked the sentimental comedy and proposed a “laughing comedy.” This was more realistic and more humorous. Melodrama • Characterized by cliff-hanging plots and heart tugging emotional appeals • Popular in America during the 1st half of the 1800s. Related to sentimental comedy and domestic tragedy in its strongly moralistic character, melodrama celebrated virtue above all else and insisted that vice would ultimately be punished. • Example—Uncle Tom’s Cabin Georg Buchner • German Playwright • Reacted against Romanticism • Wrote Woyzeck, and he used sympathetic treatment of a lower-class character destroyed by factors of heredity and environment anticipated naturalism. Peking Opera • During the 1800s, acting companies based in the Chinese capital of Peking assumed a dominant role in the theatre in China, establishing the Peking Opera. • Emphasis is placed on the performance of actors. • All parts are played by males. Sturm and Drang • German • Means Storm and Stress • In the late 1700s, German theatre was changed radically by Romantic Movement known as S and D, which idolized Shakespeare and dismissed the neoclassical unities. Henrik Ibsen • Father of Modern Drama • Norwegian • Ranged in Style – Peer Gynt (1867) folk tale – A Doll’s House (1879) realism – Dead Awaken (1899) symbolism The Meiningen Troupe • German • The Duke of Saxe-Meiningen made his court theatre the most highly respected touring company of the period and became the first true theatre director. Bernard Shaw • Shaw wanted theatre to explore controversial issues. • Influenced by Ibsen Moscow Art Theatre • One of the most influential theatre companies in history, formed by Konstantin Stanislavski and Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko in 1898. • Empahasized Stainislavski’s “inner truth” in acting rather than external effect and influenced by movements in naturalism and realism. Anton Chekhov • Playwright, Russian • His plays evokes the atmosphere of a society on the edge of change, where individuals feel such uncertainty that they attempt to distract themselves with routine and daydreams. • Goes beyond simple realism. The Arrival of Cinema • 1880s by Thomas Edison and George Eastman as an experimental toy, the motion picture developed rapidly. From the first, the stage provided stars and stories for the movies. This scene is from a film featuring Sarah Bernhardt as Queen Elizabeth. Rabindranath Tagore • Indian poet and playwright, influenced by Sanskrit drama, His plays often include dance, mime, and song. Works are often symbolic. • First modern Indian dramatist to achieve a world wide reputation, recievigng the Nobel Prize for literature in 1913. Constructivism • Antirealist artistic movement developed in Russia. • Designs are machine like in abstract forms. Expressionism • European artistic movement • Distorted and Fragmented view of reality centered on the individual perception of the main character Eugene O’Neill • Influential American playwright. • Plays include, “The Hairy Ape,” “Strange Interlude.” • Influenced by Greek Theatre. Wrote “Morning becomes Electra” Lillian Hellman • Mr. Moore’s Favorite playwright • Most significant female playwright of the 20s and 30s. • “The Little Foxes” and “The Childrens Hour”— delt with controversial issues and showed concern for social justice. Epic Theatre • Also known as “Theatre of alienation” • Created by Bertolt Brecht and Erwin Piscator • Employed frankly artificial devices such as posters, cartoons, and film sequences in order to distance the audience from theatrical illusion and allow them to focus on the play’s message. Arthur Miller • American Realism playwright. • Realism—Real People doing real things. Broadway Musicals • The Golden Age of Broadway began in 1943 with the production of Oklahoma. It typified shows with simple plots, memorable songs, large casts and choruses, and lavish multiple sets. Lorraine Hansberry • She only completed two plays— “A raisin in the sun” and “The Sign in Sidney Brustein’s Window.” Hispanic American Theatre • Contemporary Hispanic American Theatre began with the Teatro Campesino (Farmworker’s Theatre) founded in 1965 by Luis Valdez to further the cause of striking farmworkers. Valdez later reached Broadway with his play ZOOT SUIT. August Wilson • August Wilson commitment to portraying African Americans realistically and sensitively and to “raise consciousness through theatre.” • Playwright Ntozake Shange • Playwright • For colored girls who have considered suicide/when the rainbow is enuf was a groundbreaking work when it appeared in the mid 1970s. • Combining poetry, music, dance, and drama Julie Taymor • Designer • Taymor designs for productions such as Juan Darien and The Lion King reflect her extensive study of the world theatre and commitment to multicultural theatre.