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Name: IB 20th century Review Map Please Identify: • P2/3: Authoritarian/SPS: locations, leaders, political & economic affiliations, supra-national organizations • P2/3: Cold War Hot Spots: locations, leaders, key issues, conflicts, resolutions, impacts • P1/3: Rights & Protest: locations, leaders, key issues, conflicts, resolutions, impacts Key Years U.S. President 19451952 Harry S Truman 19521960 Dwight D Eisenhower (IKE) 19601963 John F Kennedy (JFK) 19631968 Lyndon B Johnson (LBJ) 19681973 Richard M Nixon 19731976 Gerald Ford 19761980 Jimmy Carter 19801988 Ronald Reagan 19881992 International Counterparts (SPS) (Paper 2) Domestic Policies: Legislation… (Paper1/3) Civil Rights Connections (Paper 1, HOA P3) Foreign Policies: Conflicts, Doctrines… (Paper 2/3) Cold War Connections (Paper 2) Stance on South Africa (Paper 1) George H W Bush 1940s -WWII Conferences/Big 3 -Truman Doctrine -Marshall Plan -George Keenan/ Long Telegram -Berlin Blockade/Airlift -NATO -Mao & PRC -Tito & Yugoslavia 1950s -NSC-68 -Korean war -Fall of Dien Bien Phu -SEATO -Warsaw Pact -Secret Speech -Nasser, Egypt, Aswan, Suez -Hungarian uprising -Eisenhower Doctrine 1960s -Berlin Wall -Non-Aligned Movement -U2 Crisis -Cuban Revolution (Castro) -Bay of Pigs Invasion -Cuban Missile Crisis -Kennedy Doctrine -Six Day War -Brezhnev Doctrine -Prague Spring -Nixon Doctrine / Vietnamization 1970s -Detente -Yom Kippur War -Camp David Accords -Fall of Saigon -Deng Xiaoping, Four Modernizations -Iranian Revolution -Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 1980s -Solidarity in Poland -Carter Doctrine -Gorbachev: Perestroika, Glasnost, Democratization, Sinatra Doctrine -Independence Movements in Eastern Europe -Fall of the Berlin Wall -Tiananmen Square -Yeltsin & Fall of USSR Name: IB 20th century Review Map Please Identify: • P2/3: Authoritarian/SPS: locations, leaders, political & economic affiliations, supra-national organizations • P2/3: Cold War Hot Spots: locations, leaders, key issues, conflicts, resolutions, impacts • P1/3: Rights & Protest: locations, leaders, key issues, conflicts, resolutions, impacts USSR NAM DPRK ROK Japan USA PRC Egypt NAM Cuba NAM NAM NAM NAM South Africa Key Name: IB 20th century Review Map Please Identify: • P2/3: Authoritarian/SPS: locations, leaders, political & economic affiliations, supra-national organizations • P2/3: Cold War Hot Spots: locations, leaders, key issues, conflicts, resolutions, impacts • P1/3: Rights & Protest: locations, leaders, key issues, conflicts, resolutions, impacts USSR NAM DPRK ROK Japan USA PRC Egypt NAM Cuba NAM NAM NAM NAM South Africa Key • P2/3: Authoritarian/SPS: locations, leaders, political & economic affiliations, supranational organizations • USSR: Lenin & Stalin (Cold War: Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov / Chernenko, Gorbachev) • Asia: PRC: Mao (N. Korea: Kim Il-Sung) • The Populists: Argentina/Peron (1940s+), Egypt/Nasser (1952+), Cuba/Castro (1959+) • P2/3: Cold War Hot Spots: locations, leaders, key issues, conflicts, resolutions, impacts • Africa: Egypt (Suez crisis: 1956), South Africa (role in UN) • Asia: Japan (occupied: 1945-52), China (PRC: 1949), Korea (War 1950-53), Vietnam (War: 1950s-70s), Nixon Doctrine / Vietnamization (1969), Deng’s 4 modernizations (1978+), Tiananmen Massacre (1989) • Europe: Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan (1947-8), Germany (E & W) / Berlin (E & W) 1948-9 & 1961 & 1989 • Eastern Europe / Eastern Bloc: Destalinization (1956), Hungary (1956), Prague Spring (1968), Brezhnev Doctrine (1968), polish Solidarity (1980s), Glasnost & Perestroika under Gorbachev (1980s), Sinatra Doctrine (1989), Fall of USSR (1991) • *Yugoslavia under Tito = outlier • Latin America: Cuba (Bay of Pigs: 1961 & Cuban Missile Crisis: 1962), Kennedy & Johnson Doctrines (1962 & 65),Chile & Argentina (Guerra sucias), Guatemala (United Fruit) • Middle East: Egypt (Suez crisis: 1956), Eisenhower Doctrine (1957), Six Day War (1967), Yom Kippur War (1973), Afghanistan (1979), Iran (1979), Carter Doctrine (1980) • NATO (1949) [SEATO, 1954] vs. Warsaw Pact (1955) • Non-Aligned Movement (1961) (Bandung Conference: 1955) • Détente: 1960s & 70s • P1/3: Rights & Protest: locations, leaders, key issues, conflicts, resolutions, impacts • South Africa: • Nature & Characteristics of Discrimination: Petty vs. Grand Apartheid, segregation, townships, Bantustans, forced removals (ex. Sophiatown), segregated education • Protests & Actions: Non-violence: bus boycotts, defiance campaign, Freedom Charter (1955); Sharpeville (1960); Rivonia trial (1963-64), imprisonment of ANC • Key actors / Groups: Nelson Mandela, Chief Albert Lithuli, ANC, PAC, SACP, MK • United States: • Nature & Characteristics of Discrimination: Jim Crow, KKK, disenfranchisement, separate but equal, segregation, Brown vs. Board of Ed. (1954), Little Rock (1957), • Protests & Actions: Montgomery bus boycott (1955-56), Freedom Riders (1961), Freedom Summer (1964); Legislation: Civil Rights Act (1964), Voting Rights Act (1965) • Key actors / Groups: MLK, Malcolm X, JFK, LBJ, NAACP, SCLC, SNCC, NOI Years U.S. President 19451952 Harry S Truman 19521960 Dwight D Eisenhower (IKE) 19601963 John F Kennedy (JFK) 19631968 Lyndon B Johnson (LBJ) 19681973 Richard M Nixon 19731976 Gerald Ford 19761980 Jimmy Carter 19801988 Ronald Reagan 19881992 International Counterparts (SPS) (Paper 2) Domestic Policies: Legislation… (Paper1/3) Civil Rights Connections (Paper 1, HOA P3) Foreign Policies: Conflicts, Doctrines… (Paper 2/3) Cold War Connections (Paper 2) Stance on South Africa (Paper 1) George H W Bush 1940s -WWII Conferences/Big 3 -Truman Doctrine -Marshall Plan -George Keenan/ Long Telegram -Berlin Blockade/Airlift -NATO -Mao & PRC -Tito & Yugoslavia 1950s -NSC-68 -Korean war -Fall of Dien Bien Phu -SEATO -Warsaw Pact -Secret Speech -Nasser, Egypt, Aswan, Suez -Hungarian uprising -Eisenhower Doctrine 1960s -Berlin Wall -Non-Aligned Movement -U2 Crisis -Cuban Revolution (Castro) -Bay of Pigs Invasion -Cuban Missile Crisis -Kennedy Doctrine -Six Day War -Brezhnev Doctrine -Prague Spring -Nixon Doctrine / Vietnamization 1970s -Detente -Yom Kippur War -Camp David Accords -Fall of Saigon -Deng Xiaoping, Four Modernizations -Iranian Revolution -Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 1980s -Solidarity in Poland -Carter Doctrine -Gorbachev: Perestroika, Glasnost, Democratization, Sinatra Doctrine -Independence Movements in Eastern Europe -Fall of the Berlin Wall -Tiananmen Square -Yeltsin & Fall of USSR Years U.S. President International Counterparts (SPS) (Paper 2) USSR: Stalin 19451952 Harry S Truman PRC: Mao Argentina: Peron Cuba: Batista South Africa (PM): Daniel François Malan 19521960 Dwight D Eisenhower (IKE) Domestic Policies: Legislation… (Paper1/3) *Fair Deal was a plan announced in January 1949 that proposed health insurance, minimum wage and equal rights. Argentina: Peron Cuba: Castro South Africa: Malan, Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom, Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd (Paper 1, HOA P3) *Integration of armed forces: Allegedly equal treatment and opportunity for all. *Second Red Scare McCarthyism: Widespread fear of communist in the USA. Actions lead to creation of HUAC (House of Un-American Activities Committee) led by senator McCarthy to investigate Hollywood industry. Federal employees were tested for loyalty. USSR: Stalin dies in *Interstate Highway and 53, Khrushchev & de- Defense Act of 1956: to Stalinization eliminate unsafe roads, inefficient routes, and traffic PRC: Mao jams. Egypt: Nasser Civil Rights Connections *Brown v. Board of Education *Brown v. Board of Education: Ended legal racial segregation in public schools (supreme court decision after Mr. Brown wanted his daughters to go to the nearest school, which was previously whiteonly). Foreign Policies: Conflicts, Doctrines… (Paper 2/3) Cold War Connections (Paper 2) Stance on South Africa (Paper 1) See foreign policies *Fear of losing countries to Sovietspread communism *Berlin Airlift (1948): Western (brought on US powers (mainly US) airdropped containment; supplies into W Berlin to make domino policy; sure the people had all roll back the necessary resources/supplies. borders of communism; *Korean War: 1950-3: Proxy origins of this in war, UN action, fires Article X and the MacArthur Long Telegram by George Kennan) Apartheid government established in 1948 (National Party) *Eisenhower Doctrine: US could intervene in the Middle East to prevent the spread of communism (containment policy expanded to Middle East basically). Maintained financial ties *Truman Doctrine (1947): mainly created to contain the Soviet threat in Turkey and Greece. *Korea (1950-1953) (proxy war) *Egypt (1956) (Suez Crisis) *Cuba (tensions; Bay of Pigs invasion was fully being planned, but only carried out under JFK) See foreign policies *Domino Theory: If a country will become communist then the neighboring countries will follow. US avoids criticism given similarities to Jim Crow South Maintained financial ties Years 19601963 U.S. President John F Kennedy (JFK) *Assassinated International Counterparts (SPS) (Paper 2) USSR: Khrushchev PRC: Mao Cuba: Castro Egypt: Nasser South Africa: Verwoerd Domestic Policies: Legislation… (Paper1/3) *“New Frontier”: to help America stay economically stable. *Created the Peace Corps, initiated the space race, and worked with congress for low income housing and equal pay for women. Civil Rights Connections Cold War Connections (Paper 2) Stance on South Africa (Paper 1) *Cuba (1961 Bay of Pigs; 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis; 1962 US Embargo on Cuba) *Began Vietnam War (US works to protect/aid S Korea in fighting off the communist Viet Cong powers of N Korea, backed by the USSR). UN: move to take actions re: SA after Sharpeville *American troops in Vietnam during his presidency; although, he did not *Ratification of 24th *Agreed to diffuse tensions in the want them there and Amendment Middle East. tried to initiate peace *Civil Rights Act (1964): talks, but nothing Outlawed discrimination *Agreed to not send nuclear happened until he based on race, sex, color, weapons to other countries or help was out of office. sexual orientation, etc. them make nukes (debatable *Vietnam (had the Signed into action by LBJ. whether either side followed this). intent of beginning to pull out of *Voting Rights Act *LBJ avoided crisis with USSR! Vietnam because of (1965) the protests and high *Fair Housing Act (1968) death toll for Thurgood Marshall nominated to American soldiers) the Supreme Court, 1967 1967-67: Arms embargo & naval ships avoided SA waters (Paper 1, HOA P3) (1960s = sit-ins, 1961 = Freedom Rides) *Kennedy was active in civil rights, but was unable to push too hard due to his need for support from Southern Democrats. Foreign Policies: Conflicts, Doctrines… (Paper 2/3) *Kennedy Doctrine: spread the policy of containment to the W hemisphere (esp Latin America) *Alliance for Progress: JFK’s attempt to boost economic cooperation between the US and Latin America (1961) *Indirect proxy conflicts in Cuba and Vietnam *Increased tensions after Bay of Pigs when US attempted to overthrow Castro (turned Cuba against US and in turn improved Cuba-USSR relations) *Economically he is remembered for his tax cuts. 1961: SA became a Republic US maintained financial ties *Almost direct nuclear war after Cuban Missile Crisis (ended by US removing Juniper missiles from Turkey and USSR removing missiles from Cuba) 19631968 Lyndon B Johnson (LBJ) USSR: Khrushchev, Brezhnev *Great Society: Domestic Policy (elimination of poverty and racial injustice) PRC: Mao Cuba: Castro Egypt: Nasser South Africa: Verwoerd, Balthazar Johannes Vorster *“Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?”--> common rallying cry at the many rallies/public protests led against US involvement in Vietnam (in which public was mainly the youth and blamed LBJ for the violence; hippie generation; ex. Woodstock) (1963 = March on Washington & Freedom Summer) *1965: assassination of Malcolm X *Signed Outer Space Treaty which banned nuclear weapons in space. Maintained financial ties *1968 = MLK & RFK = Assassinated Years 19681973 U.S. President International Counterparts (SPS) (Paper 2) Richard M Nixon USSR: Brezhnev PRC: Mao Cuba: Castro Egypt: Nasser, Sadat Domestic Policies: Legislation… (Paper1/3) *Watergate Scandal *1969→ first man to walk on the moon (ARMSTRONG + ALDRIN) *26 Amendment: 18 year olds are given the right to vote. South Africa: BJ Vorster Civil Rights Connections (Paper 1, HOA P3) Foreign Policies: Conflicts, Doctrines… (Paper 2/3) *1st large-scale integration of public schools in the South *Nixon Doctrine: Vietnamization (US starts preparing to end involvement in Vietnam; slowly start withdrawing) *Philadelphia Plan in 1970—the first significant federal affirmative action program *Ping Pong Diplomacy (US ping pong player caught a ride with the Chinese ping pong player to the ping pong portion of the Olympics in China; metaphor for back and forth interactions between US and Chinese governments) *ERA: passed both houses of Congress in 1972 and was submitted to the state legislatures for ratification…. *Panda Diplomacy (China gives pandas to their allies/people they want superficially good relations with) *Detente: improve relations between the US and USSR; easing of Cold War tensions. *Detente with the PRC was important for the US because the situation in Vietnam had led the United States to believe containment was not possible there, and it wanted the PRC’s assistance in its exit strategy 19731976 Gerald Ford PRC: deaths of Zhou Enlai & Mao die, power struggle – gang of 4, victory of Hua Guafeng Argentina: Peron (again) Cuba: Castro Egypt: Sadat South Africa: BJ Vorster, Pieter Willem Botha *NEVER ELECTED AS PRESIDENT OR VICE PRESIDENT!!!!! *Supporter of the ERA: …still not ratified *2 assassination attempts, within *Administration three weeks of each other and in created the framework of the the same state Helsinki Watch, an independent non*Strong supporter of Eagle governmental Scouts of America organization created to monitor *Pardoned Nixon compliance that later evolved into Human *Didn't do much as a president Rights Watch though... *Furthered Detente in August 1975 when meeting with Brezhnev and heads of other European nations to sign the Helsinki Accords *Yom Kippur War of 1973 *Helsinki Accords - Signed by European nations and United States to recognize the existing boundaries of European countries established at the end of WW2. Also included statements in support of human rights (caused a little tension on the Soviet side)-- lack of implementation of this prompts the Charter 77 to be created by Czech revolutionaries/dissidents) Cold War Connections (Paper 2) PRC = UN & UNSC seats (replace ROC) *USSR needs detente → economy was stagnating (needed to transfer economic resources from the production of armaments to production of consumer goods, and also to import technology from the West) *Nixon hoped to use detente to get the USSR and also China to put pressure on North Vietnam to end the war Stance on South Africa (Paper 1) Strengthened contacts with the whiteminority governments in southern Africa — Portugal (in relation to Angola and Mozambique) , Rhodesia and apartheidera South Africa *Proxy war in Vietnam *Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos (as part of Vietnamization, Nixon authorized the secret bombing of Cambodia and Laos as part of efforts to withdraw US troops from Vietnam but people found out about it anyway) *Vladivostok Accords-- general outline for a successor treaty to SALT I *Evacuation from US embassy in Saigon (load helicopters with civilians up until the last minute though; super dramatic) *Cambodian Communists, known as the Khmer Rouge, seized an American cargo ship *End of Vietnam War (ends 1975) Maintained financial ties Years 19761980 U.S. President International Counterparts (SPS) (Paper 2) USSR: Brezhnev Jimmy Carter PRC: Hua Gaufeng, Deng Xiaoping Cuba: Castro Egypt: Sadat Domestic Policies: Legislation… (Paper1/3) *Department of Energy -Emergency Natural Gas Act -Energy Security Act *U.S. Synthetic Fuels Corp. created b/c of Energy Security Act South Africa: Pieter Willem Botha 19801988 Ronald Reagan Civil Rights Connections (Paper 1, HOA P3) “He carried every Southern state *Camp David Accords of 1978 with except Virginia by winning 95% of the Egypt and Israel after Yom Kippur black vote compared with 45% of the War of 1973; turning point in their white vote” relations *ERA: still not ratified Carter Center in 1982+ national and international public policy, conflict resolution, human rights and charitable causes 2002 Nobel Peace Prize recipient USSR: Andropov, Chernenko, Gorbachev *Inflation domestically (Reaganomics) *opposed Civil rights Act of ‘64, Voting Rights Act of ‘65 under LBJ PRC: Deng Xiaoping, Chen Yun *Tax Reform Act of 1986 Largest tax cut of American history *1981: appointed Sandra Day O'Connor as the first female justice of the Supreme Court *War on Drugs (“Just say no” policy, especially pushed by Nancy Reagan) *1982 signed a bill extending the Voting Rights Act for 25 yrs Cuba: Castro Egypt: Hosni Mubarak *1988: vetoed the Civil Rights Restoration Act, but was overridden by Congress *1988: expanded Fair Housing Act South Africa: Pieter Willem Botha (1984: Abolished the position of Prime Minister in 1984 and became Executive State President) 19881992 George H W Bush USSR: Gorbachev PRC: Chen Yun Cuba: Castro Egypt: Hosni Mubarak South Africa: PJ Botha (resigns 1989), FW de Klerk Foreign Policies: Conflicts, Doctrines… (Paper 2/3) Cold War Connections (Paper 2) *USSR invaded Afghanistan; US works with future Al-Qaeda to counter the Soviet threat in the area Maintained financial ties *Star Wars: wants to send lasers into space (not at all realistic but shows Gorbachev that the Soviets don't have the resources to counteract something like that and escalation can't continue forever; turning point in USUSSR relations) Supported SA as a valuable anticommunist ally Described the ANC as "a terrorist organization *Iran (hostage crisis)--> only released after he left power bc the Iranian ruler was pissed at Carter *Carter Doctrine: military force could be used if necessary to defend US interests in the Persian Gulf *Increased defense spending as part of his Soviet defense strategy. (See: Star Wars) *Re-freezing of the Cold War *Very anti-communist stance *Reagan and Gorbachev interact quite a lot - Both attend Geneva Conference *”Mr. Gorbachev tear down this wall” speech by Reagan (1987); Berlin Wall does eventually come down (1989) (not really to the merit of Reagan but still) *opposed the ERA *Due to a $2.8 trillion debt, he was unable to enact major domestic policies. Instead he advocated: - Volunteerism - Education Reform - Anti-Drug Efforts *This was known as the limited agenda *ERA: still not ratified *1989: Fair Labor Standards Amendments *1990: Americans with Disabilities Act *1990: Civil Rights Act Vetoed *1990: Immigration Act of 1990 *1991 Civil Rights Act Stance on South Africa (Paper 1) *1989: Criticized for placing limited *1989: special sanctions on PRC post- Tiananmen assistance for Poland *1989: Ousted Noriega in Panama *1990: Iraq (Kuwait) / Persian Gulf War I / 1991: Operation desert Strom 1991: Commit troops to Somalia Reagan vetoed the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act in 1986, Congress overrode veto *Supported UNITA & Jonas Savimbi in Angolan Civil War 1990: release of Mandela *1991: Signed Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, START w/ Gorbachev 1991: South African Sanctions Removed by US *1992: Nuclear Arms Reduction Agreements 1994: End of Apartheid Election of Mandela