Download Disaster Management Plan of Industry Department

Disaster Management Plan of
Industry Department
• The Government of India enacted Environment Protection
Act, in 1986. The process of Environmental Impact
Assessment was made mandatory in 1994 under the
provisions of the Act.
• Analysis and assessment of the site characteristics in terms
of its capacity to provide natural resources inside the
building such as light, air and water without damaging the
natural environment should be carried out during site
selection and analysis process.
• The site selection should be based upon several feasibility
and impact studies related to sustainability such as existing
wind pattern, solar access, soil, air, water conditions, noise
pollution, and bio diversity.
• Development of new construction projects
should not have a negative impact on the existing
bio diversity and ecosystem of the site.
• Development of the project on the located site
should not disturb sites with heritage and cultural
values such as protected monuments.
• Constructed projects on selected sites should not
disturb aesthetics and scenic beauty of a location.
• Topsoil removal and preservation shall be mandatory
for development projects larger than 1, 00 hectare
(Source: National Building Code 2005).
• Topsoil shall be stripped to a depth of 200 mm from
areas proposed to be occupied by buildings, roads,
paved areas and external services.
• Top soil shall be stockpiled to a height of 400 mm in
pre - designated areas for preservation and shall be
reapplied to site during plantation of the proposed
vegetation.
• Measures should be applied to control erosion of
preserved top soil.
12th Plan recommendations for
Earthquake management
• Upgradation and digitization of topographic maps
with contour interval of 0.5 m in collaboration with
NRSC. (SOI and NRSC) Sharing of seismic data being
collected by IMD with other Departments. ( SOI)
• Deployment and augmentation of observing systems
such as GPS, bore-hole sensors, multi-parametric
observing systems, etc. at identified locations for
better understanding of physical processes associated
with earthquakes, active fault mapping in addition to
the existing conventional weak and strong motion
observing systems. (IMD)
For Earthquakes
• Creation of a modern test and maintenance facility
fortesting and upkeep / rectification of existing
sophisticated equipments seismological instruments,
such as, broadband sensors, SMAs, digitizers,
communication systems. (IMD)
• Strengthening / augmentation of the existing data
centre facility of IMD. (IMD)
• Raster scanning and vector digitization of seismic
analog charts at seismological observatory, Ridge and
carry out raster scanning of remaining significant
historical seismograms, their vector digitization and
archival in electronic media. (IMD)
For Earthquakes
• Analysis of seismological and collateral geophysical data in
near real time. (IMD)
• R&D programmes in collaboration with other leading
countries in development of earthquake prediction
and
forecasting methods. (IMD)
• Establishment of additional heavy mass vibration
laboratories. (IMD)
• Development of GIS based Hazard and vulnerability data
base / digitized maps. (IMD, NRSC, SOI and States).
• Innovative earthquake resistance construction technologies
for new and retrofitting of existing buildings. (IITs, States ).
For Earthquakes
• In order to identify the major earthquake sources and their activity rates,
dense networks of earthquake monitoring stations will be required.
• Each such dense network should consist of at least 90 strong motion
instruments and 10 broadband instruments.
• During the next plan period, it is recommended that a concerted program
to evaluate the earthquake disaster scenario for all cities in seismic zones
IV and V with population of over 2 lakhs be carried out.
• If required, one or more dedicated centres of excellence can be
established to develop the methods and carry out the scenariodevelopment, and to carry out further R&D in this field.
• All critical or lifeline buildings in Seismic Zone V that are constructed
using government funds may be mandated to use the new technologies
and thereby ensure a much higher level of earthquake-resistance.
For Flood Management
• Expansion and Modernisation of Flood Forecasting Network
of CWC and States to cover Substantial expansion to cover
all flood prone rivers and A, B-2, C- class cities located near
rivers and important reservoirs. (CWC and States)
• Revisiting Design Procedures for structural measures
particularly embankments. ( CWC)
• Classification of existing embankments according to
vulnerability and their periodical Inspection. (By States)
• Preparation of Basin-wise flood management models
including ALTM technology based Digital Elevation
Models, Inundation Forecast Model and Cubature
modelling. (States and NRSC)
For Floods
• Scientific studies for river and sea-erosion (DST & NRSC) (vi)
Preparation of State-wise, Basin-wise Flood Hazard
• Zonation Maps (by States and NRSC)
• Satellite based reservoir information system having linkages with
web sites of States / Project Authorities. (by States and CWC)
• Development of Integrated mathematical models for flood / runoff
forecasting using weather parameters, rainfall observed and rainfall
forecast. (by CWC and IMD)
• Development of dam break models and preparation of Basin-wise
Emergency Action Plans.(by States and CWC).
• Bathymetric surveys
• Use of equipment / ADCP-fitted boats in hydrological observations.
• Strengthening Satellite based/ radar based observation systems for
rivers originating from Nepal and for Brahmaputra.
For Floods
• Development of Integrated mathematical models for flood
/ runoff forecasting using weather parameters, rainfall
observed and rainfall forecast. (by CWC and IMD)
• Development of dam break models and preparation of
Basin-wise Emergency Action Plans.(by States and CWC)
• Bathymetric surveys
• Use of equipment / ADCP-fitted boats in hydrological
observations.
• Strengthening Satellite based/ radar based observation
systems for rivers originating from Nepal and for
Brahmaputra.
For Floods
• The whole country should be covered with
adequate Doppler weather radars, the current
plan of 55 Doppler weather radars, 950
automatic weather stations and 3350 automatic
river gauges, proposed by the end of 12th Five
Year Plan is inadequate. This need to be stepped
up substantially and supplemented by the
efforts of States.
• The target should be to install one automatic
rain gauge in every 10 square km area in rural
India and one every 4 sq.km area in urban India.
For Floods
• The critical step will be to ensure that all
Departments collect data in an inter-operable
format and share it between themselves (except
Defence and security sensitive data) and make it
available in a usable format to NDMA, State
Governments, SDMAs, DDMAs etc., for disaster
management.
• Vulnerability Maps on the scale 1:10000 has
to be prepared for the entire country and with a
priority to coastal regions and river basins and
major towns and cities.
Mainstreaming - Housing
 Under IAY –
• Continue to earmark 5% of the funds for providing houses to
families who lose their houses (including IAY houses constructed
earlier, but destroyed in a disaster) in a disaster.
•
Revise the cost norms and provide for additional costs upto 15%
to introduce “disaster resistant” and “locally suitable” designs and
norms for houses in vulnerable regions and habitations.
•
Include safety measures such as application of hazard resistant
design in construction of
• IAY houses, appropriate siting and new designs for earthquake,
flood and cyclone prone regions etc in IAY guidelines and ensure its
compliance.
•
•
•
•
•
Ensure that IAY houses are constructed in locations which are less
vulnerable to hazards (like high ground in flood prone areas).
Introduce awareness/training programmes for safe construction
practices for community/house owners.
Provide for community based infrastructure such as common
multi-purpose shelters as part of the housing clusters.
Develop prototypes for IAY houses which can be easily
referred to by District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) and
used for community awareness depending on the geographical
location. Build Capacities of Engineers and Rural masons on safe
construction.
Build Capacities of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and DRDA
officials on Disaster Risk Reduction issues.
Housing
 Under RAY:
 Build community level disaster preparedness capacities
under the capacity development component for slum
dwellers who often become the most vulnerable
community during disasters such as floods, fire and high
wind speed.

Carefully assess safety of the land/location for its
vulnerability to floods, landslides and its proximity to
the highway before selecting it for constructing
houses for slum dwellers.

Ensure incorporation of hazard resistant features
and safe siting in the Housing
 Programmes being implemented in these selected cities.
Housing
 Under JNNURM:
 Include amendment of building-byelaws to ensure structural
safety of buildings as a mandatory reform in the mission cities..

Include disaster resistant features in the houses being
constructed under the BSUP
 component.

Specify mechanisms for strengthening compliance of
development control regimes such as building bye laws in the
detailed project report which needs to be considered at appraisal
stage in case of infrastructure and housing schemes to ensure
structural safety.

Provide adequate infrastructure for disaster management in the
cities as a compulsory component.
Housing
• Provide for flexibility to immediately restore water supply and other
essential services and ensure quality of water in the event of a
disaster.
• Design water supply lines with appropriate safety features in
Seismic Zones 4 and 5
• Include strategies for disaster management in the City
Development / Master Plans
• Emphasize disaster risk audit at the stage of preparation of detailed
project reports.
• Include disaster management as a responsibility of the Urban Local
Bodies and allocate resources as part of projects and their own
budgets.
•
Introduce Training and Capacity Building Programmes for
municipal officers on disaster risk reduction.
Infrastructure
• National Highways should ensure that the flow of rain
water/flood water in the area is not obstructed by
construction of highways
• The PMGSY should also ensure the same in addition to
ensuring that these roads do not cause landslides in areas
prone to landslides.
• Incorporate (if not done already) timely restoration of
roads, damaged or destroyed during disaster in the model
concession agreement for PMGSY and National
Highways.
• Modify the maintenance guidelines to ensure that in case
of disasters these roads get provision for restoration to
ensure all weather connectivity.
Urban Infrastructure
• Ensure that the JNNURM projects insist on a component for making
lifeline services like water supply, hospitals, schools, etc., to be
made disaster resistant.
• The design parameters will have to be modified on the basis of the
hazard vulnerability analysis of the city/municipal area.
• JNNURM should also make provisions for providing retrofitting of
lifeline buildings owned by the Government/Municipal Corporation
in cities with seismic vulnerability.
• JNNURM cities should be mandated to make city disaster
management plans and conduct a disaster risk audit every year.
• Other cities could be incentivized to do the same.
Urban Infrastructure
• following interventions are suggested through the national
programme:
• • Design and construct schools (under Sarva Siksha Abhiyan or any
other scheme) keeping in mind the hazard and vulnerability of the
region
• • Develop a Policy paper for new initiatives on school safety.
• • Develop prototypes for structurally safe designs for schools.
• • Take up Training of Rural Engineers appointed under SSA Scheme
as well as the SSA State
• Coordinators.
• • Take up training of masons in rural areas.
• • Create Technology Demonstration Units.
•
Education
 following interventions are suggested to ensure school
safety:
 Design and construct schools keeping in mind the hazard
and vulnerability of the region;
 Develop a Policy paper for new initiatives on school safety.
 Develop prototypes for structurally safe designs for
schools.
 Take up Training of Rural Engineers appointed under SSA
Scheme as well as the SSA State Coordinators.
 Take up training of masons in rural areas.
 Create Technology Demonstration Units.
Education
 Introduce school safety as a part of the guidelines of
SSA which is focussed on inclusive development.
 Introduce School Safety in the Teacher’s Training
Curriculum.
 Introduce Disaster awareness as an element of
education imparted in all schools. The SIET and DIETS
should ensure that these are imparted appropriately in
all schools through innovative methods.
 The teachers and students in these schools could be
used to enhance community awareness.
Rural Development
 Rural developmeent schemes can turn village into disaster resilient
places if following points are kept in mind:
 Take into account the hazard profile and offer continuous
employment opportunities in the event of disasters to ensure
livelihood security in the event of disasters
 Give priority to works which reduce disaster risks such as local
mitigation works etc
 Create Water conservation and water harvesting systems
 Undertake Drought proofing, including afforestation and tree
plantation
 Undertake Flood-control and protection works, including drainage
in waterlogged areas Ensure rural connectivity to provide all–
weather access. The construction of roads may include culverts
where necessary. Priority should be given to roads that give access
to SC/ST habitations.
Rural Development
• Undertake Disaster proofing of village assets like
Schools, Panchayat buildings, Primary health centres,
etc. within the overall MGNREGS guidelines regarding
the share of labour and material component.
• Construct emergency shelters and high lands in
flood/cyclone prone areas.
• Undertake Drainage improvement work in villages to
prevent flooding.
• Introduce disaster resilient designs and construction
techniques under the training component for
engineers under MGNREGS programme.
Health
 Following interventions are suggested under the NRHM:
 Ensure that the Village and District health plans explicitly address
disaster risk reduction concerns and the disaster management plans
connect to the District and village Health plans.
 Provide training to the Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA)
workers on disaster health preparedness and response.
 Strengthen Disease Health Surveillance System in rural areas.
 Ensure structural safety of the Community and Primary health
centres (CHCs & PHCs) and other health care service delivery
centres in rural areas.
Health
 Train doctors and hospital staff on mass casualty management and
emergency medicine. Create Community awareness on disaster
management
 Provide for Mobile Medical Units (MMUs) at CHC level.
 Provide First Aid and Disaster Management (DM) training for health
workers, including (ASHA), Anganwadi Workers (AWW), Auxiliary
Nurse Midwife (ANM), Red Cross Volunteers and (PRI) members.
 Form Community Emergency Response Teams at community level
and sensitize them about health related treatments, first aid etc.
 Ensure adequate stocks of essential medicines in all health centres
well before the disaster seasons, especially in the context of floods,
landslides, snow slides, cyclones and droughts since these seasons
are reasonably well known.
 Provide for a portion of the budget to kept as reserve for
emergencies.
Health
 Ministry of Health should also have a separate
scheme for retrofitting of major Government hospitals
in Seismic Zones 4 and 5.
 facilities for treating patients who could be affected by
chemical disaster should also be provided in all
hospitals which are near clusters of chemical factories.
 The number of doctors trained in CBRN emergencies
across the country need to be increased and
specific
training
programmes designed and
implemented for such hospitals and doctors.
Health and Climate Change
 The WHO warns that the risk of death and disease
from climate change will double in the next 20 years.
 Thus global warming is no longer an environmental
problem, but has become threat to public health.
Diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue and
cholera are all sensitive to climate change.
 ICMR has identified four areas of risks arising from
climate change, such as (a) Climate Change and Vector
Borne diseases, (b) Aerosols and Respiratory Diseases,
(c) UV-A and UV-B and Corneal Damage and Cataract
and (d) Environment and Heart Diseases.
National Missions for addressing
Climate Change
 The National Solar Mission aims at increasing the share of solar energy in the total
energy mix through development of new solar technologies, while attempting to
expand the scope of other renewable and non fossil options such as nuclear
energy, wind energy and biomass.
 The National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency comprises of four
initiatives, namely, a market based mechanism for trading in certified energy
savings in energy-intensive large industries and facilities, accelerating the shift to
energy efficient appliances in designated sectors, demand side management
programmes in all sectors by capturing future energy savings, and developing fiscal
instruments to promote energy efficiency.
 The National Mission on Sustainable Habitat attempts to promote energy
efficiency in buildings, management of solid waste and modal shift to public
transport including transport options based on bio-diesel and hydrogen.
 The National Water Mission has, as its objective, the conservation of water,
minimizing wastage and ensuring more equitable distribution both across and
within states.
•
The National Mission for sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem is aimed at
evolving management measures for sustaining and safeguarding the Himalayan
glacier and mountain eco-system.
•
The National Mission for a Green India focusses on enhancing eco-system
services and carbon sinks through afforestation on degraded forest land in line
with the national policy of expanding the forest and tree cover to 33% of the total
land area of the country.
•
The National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture would develop strategies to make
Indian agriculture more resilient to climate change through development of new
varieties of thermal resistant crops, new credit and insurance mechanisms and
improving productivity of rainfed agriculture.
•
The National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change is intended to
identify the challenges of, and the responses to, climate change through research
and technology development and ensure funding of high quality and focused
research into various aspects of climate change.
Drinking Water
 The following terminologies and definitions are
suggested in the changed context of rural water and
sanitation in the country
 Access: Access to drinking water supply is defined as
those households that are having access to piped water
supply or improved spot sources within 100 metres
radius and within 10 metres elevation in hilly areas
from the dwelling unit.
 Quantity: In the changed context of providing
importance to piped water systems in rural areas
quantity is defined as minimum of 55 litres per capita
per day in non desert areas and 85 lpcd in desert areas.
Drinking Water
 Quality: Quality of water is defined in terms of BIS:
10500 permissible limits.
 Time for collecting water: Time spent for collecting
domestic water should be less than 30 minutes per day
per household.
 Regularity of supply: At least twice a day.
 Number of hours of supply per day: Two hours per day
minimum.
 Frequency of supply: One hour’s continuous supply –
twice a day.
 Reliability of supply: Supply from any improved source
throughout the day.
Drinking Water
• The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation has developed an
Integrated Information Management System (IMIS) for monitoring
the various programmes and schemes for rural drinking water
supply. The IMIS is a comprehensive web based information system
that enables the Centre, States, districts, blocks and panchayats to
monitor the progress of coverage of rural habitations, schools and
anganwadis, through common monitoring formats.
• How is it used in the state?
• Preparation of Hydro-geo-morphological (HGM) or ground water
prospect Maps – Is it completed in the state?
• Efforts should be made to put HGM maps in the departmental
website as pdf files for easy accessibility by engineers at field level.
Drinking Water
• Right to life is not possible without provision of right to drinking and
domestic water. India being a signatory to global agreements should
progressively work towards the Right to Water and Sanitation.
• By 2017, it is targeted that at least 55% of rural population in the
country will have access to 55 lpcd in stead of 40 lpcd within their
household premises or at a horizontal or vertical distance of not
more than 100 meters from their household without barriers of
social or financial discrimination.
• By 2017 it is targeted that at least 35% of rural population have
individual household connections.
• There should be shift in focus from construction of water supply
systems to service delivery.
• IMIS should be revamped to capture service delivery aspects like
quantity of water supplied, frequency, regularity, quality etc.
• Participation of the beneficiaries in water supply schemes should be
ensured right from the conceptualization stage and the planning
stage spanning over construction and post scheme completion
management stages, including O&M.
• Waste water management should be incorporated in all DPRs
through low cost measures like stabilisation ponds and other
options by convergence with MNREGS, TSC, etc.
• Communities should be enabled to plan and implement schemes to
have piped water supply with metered household connections and
volumetric tariffs with appropriate cross subsidy for SC/ST and BPL
households.
• The GP/VWSC can (i) provide public taps/ handpumps, (ii) provide
water quality tests, and (iii) provide the services of a qualified
mechanic for preventative maintenance.
• All community toilets built with public funds and maintained for
public use should be provided with running water supply under
NRDWP.
• Waste water treatment and recycling should be an integral part of
every water supply plan or project.
• Management of liquid and solid waste should be promoted
together with recycling and reuse of grey water for agriculture and
groundwater recharge and pollution control.
• Strategies should include a water budget with community
monitoring of water tables to balance demand (especially irrigation
and industrial demand) with available water as well as local
measures for rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge.
• Action should be initiated to establish farmer managed Ground
Water associations in over-exploited blocks compulsorily.
• The DWSM should prepare a District Water Vision based on the
availability of overall water resources and water requirements for
irrigation, rural and urban drinking water, and industry.
• It should systematise the monitoring and recording of groundwater
levels and rainfall at sub-block or GP level.
• It should draw up plans for water harvesting and groundwater
recharge structures to benefit drinking water sources on a
watershed basis using Ground Water Prospects maps, GIS and
Watershed Development Department technical inputs.
• The first step to reduce the disease burden is to make rural people
aware of what are drinking water quality standards, how to test
them and what parameters could impact their health.
Following measures need to betaken to check arsenic problem:
 Short term measures : Hand pump fitted tube wells at deeper
aquifers Ring wells.
 Medium-term measures : Arsenic treatment unit with existing hand
pump fitted tube wells; Arsenic removal plants for existing ground
water based piped water supply schemes; Large diameter deeper
aquifer tube wells for existing/new piped water supply schemes;
New ground water based piped water supply schemes.
 Long-term measures: Treated Surface water based water supply
Several Arsenic removal technologies are available and have been
tested. But most of them have proved to be unsustainable due to poor
O&M viz skilled manpower, chemicals, spare parts etc.
Some of the measures to check flouride
contamination are:
 Roof water harvesting methods;
 Household de-flouridation methods;
 Water treatment plants with ultra violet (UV) and
reverse osmosis (RO) technology with public
private participation;
 Micro filter technologies promoted by some of
the organizations to the government and other
agencies.
Drinking Water
 The approaches that could be followed for provision of
safe water in excess Iron contaminated areas include:
 Tapping of alternate safe surface water,;
 Oxidation;
 Terra-cotta filters,;
 Roof top rainwater harvesting;
 In-situ dilution through artificial ground-water
recharge.
 Installing iron removal plants.
 The best option for tackling iron is oxidation (aeration)
or terracotta filters.
 For providing potable water in nitrate contaminated
areas, options include tapping alternate safe surface
water, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, roof-top
rainwater harvesting and in-situ dilution through
artificial ground-water recharge.
 The best option to reduce nitrate contamination in
drinking water sources is to minimize/ eliminate
domestic sewage pollution and/or reduce excessive
use of fertilizers and pesticides.
 In order to address water quality problems, the VWSC
must prepare and implement a Water Safety Plan.
• In badly affected habitations a minimum of 10 lpcd of safe water
may be provided which would be sufficient for drinking and cooking
purposes and the remaining may be provided from untreated/
sources for other domestic activities.
• Appropriate and effective water quality monitoring mechanism
should be evolved and instituted at all levels starting with VWSC,
Gram panchayats, Blocks and DWSM and for the states,
incorporating Primary health centres, NGO’s, Schools and other
organisations to ensure periodic testing and surveillance.
• Strengthening of State, District and sub-district laboratories
capacity building for technicians should be taken up.
Drinking water
 Following interventions are suggested:
 Continue with the 5% provision for emergency support
measures for creation of additional/alternate sources
of drinking water.
 Insist on the tube-wells being constructed on higher
level platforms in flood prone and low lying areas. This
may need a marginal increase in cost, but will provide
safe drinking water during emergencies.
 Provide for a component for emergency repair and
restoration of water supply systems in disaster affected
areas.
Drinking Water
 Mandate creation of an emergency fund of Municipal
bodies (with or without Government support) to help
restoration of water supply urgently in times of
disaster.
 Provide sufficient facilities for testing of quality of
water immediately after the disaster, if necessary in
PPP mode.
 Train Engineers and Public Health officials in water
quality testing and in fixing and operating water
purifying systems at short notice.
 Maintain reserves of water purifying systems as part of
emergency reserves.
Drinking Water
 IEC efforts should include:
 Area specific campaign in arsenic & fluoride affected
district;
• Inter-Personal Communication (IPC) by engagement of
Community Mobilizers (Jaldoot/Jal Mitra);
• National Drinking Water Awareness Fortnight from World
Water Day;
• On-line provision of repository of IEC software;
• Appropriate IEC gadgets;
• PPP in Communications with Print/Electronic Media;
• Production of Training Materials etc.
Sanitation
 Following measures are suggested to address the problem:
• Banks providing credit to Self Help Groups (SHG) for
construction of toilets is an option that should be pursued
vigorously.
• If planned and coordinated properly with SGSY/NRLM,
immense potential of women SHGs, can be utilized in
respect of social mobilization exerting pressure on families
on “gender issue” of toilets.
• Communication holds the key to the success of sanitation
efforts in our country, with its myriad socio-cultural and
ethno-racial diversities; a comprehensive Communication
Strategy needs to be devised.
Sanitation
• Provisioning of assured and sustainable water supply shall not only
facilitate toilet construction and usage but should also go a long
way in incentivising and motivating people to adopt good sanitation
practices including hand-washing before and after meals , post
defecation, as also in maintaining cleanliness and proper hygiene
within and outside houses.
• A programme that involves behaviour change of such a large
number of people must have a dedicated agency at the lowest
levels of governance involving public representatives, NGOs, CBOs
etc.
• A multitasking agency that can play the role as expected under the
Guidelines of TSC is therefore required and WASSMO can be
restructured accordingly along with a mechanism that would
facilitate ease of functioning to it.
Sanitation
• For effective functioning of Village Water and Sanitation
Committees they should mandatorily be made a standing
committee of the Gram Panchayats by the States. These may be the
implementers of the programme at the Gram Panchayat level.
• A comprehensive MIS system incorporating the above monitoring
outcomes to strengthen the existing TSC / NGP monitoring system
should be integrated into one system, with upgrades to include
latest available data from processes, usage, sustainability.
• MIS system will evolve composite indicators to assess the overall
performance of States and districts and benchmark them against
each other.
• States may also engage State Level Monitor (SLM) and District Level
Monitor (DLM) for randomly cross-checking 25% and 50% of GPs
respectively.
Sanitation
• For disaster prone-areas like flood affected areas, sanitation
facilities get flooded creating health risk and hazards. Appropriate
technology for Mobile Sanitary Toilets need to be explored.
• DISTRICT AND BLOCK RESOURCE-CUM-TRAINING CENTREs set up
under BRGF or RGVY need to be fully functional.
• Linkage between health, education and sanitation needs to be
recognized and integrated with adoption of a holistic approach to
improve the quality of life in rural areas.
• A phased approach to achievement of goals may be followed
through focused implementation.
• The first issue to be addressed is the achievement of ODF followed
by ODF+ activities such as improved hygiene and management of
solid and liquid wastes.
Sanitation
• Provision of fund is also required to be made for major
repairs of the damaged/defunct sanitation facilities to
bridge the gap between access and usage of sanitation
facilities and assisting Gram Panchayats to attain open
defecation free status in real terms.
• Appointment of a dedicated grass-root level worker
(Swachchhata Doot) at the village level under the
respective GPs may be considered.
• It has been observed in States particularly vulnerable to
natural calamities like flood, drought, and earthquake etc.,
there is need for provision of funds in a scenario where
sanitation facilities have got destroyed due to natural
calamities.
Agriculture
 The Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY) is a major flagship programme
which, in convergence with MGNREGS can provide for better management
of water for increased production and productivity by managing tanks,
ponds, and other water bodies. In addition, the following can be done:
 Create of a seed (including planting material) reserve in different parts of
the state to take care of likely damages due to floods or drought.
 It must however, be kept in mind that this reserve is to ensure alternate
sowing in bad years and it is likely that some part of the resources have to
be written off. A conscious plan to write off such seed, planting material
needs to be built into the scheme to avoid audit objections later.
 Details of the scheme will have to be worked out based on the
vulnerabilities of each region since the seeds have to be region specific,
crop season and variety specific. This could be done under the National
Seed Program also.
 Pest surveillance and management of pests and diseases should be an
integral part of Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna.
Agriculture
 Create additional seed resources for wheat, rice and pulses
in districts where the National Food Security Mission
operates.
 The activities mentioned with reference to seed reserves
and for pest and disease surveillance could also be taken up
under National Horticulture Mission.
 Agriculture Insurance Schemes need to expand it’s
coverage in the Modified National Agriculture Insurance
(MNAIS) format and in Weather Based Insurance Systems.
 Community based knowledge extension systems and local
enterprises should be mustered to promote low risk but
high yielding agricultural systems.
Agriculture
 National Horticulture Mission can be more effective with following steps:
• Augmentation of fruit production from the commons through
intensive plantations would be useful for increasing nutrition and also
allowing landless to collect and trade fruits. Allocation of user rights
should precede such investments.
• Fruits from commons like tamarind, mango, ber, custard apple, aonla etc.,
provide significant wage incomes to people at the margin.
• NHM in rain-fed areas should have a thrust on increasing gross fruit
production from all lands in the village rather than mere increase in area
under horticulture.
• Protective irrigation support till the rain-fed horticulture systems are
established is a prerequisite for effective establishment.
Agriculture – Challenge from Climate
Change
The latest data from GHG emissions inventory of
2007 indicates that agriculture sector contributes
28% of the total GHG emissions from India.
Indian livestock are responsible for about 54% of
total methane emission in India.
The emissions are primarily due to methane
emission
from
rice
paddies,
enteric
fermentation in ruminant animals, and nitrous
oxides from application of manures and fertilizers
to agricultural soils.
Agriculture and Climate Change
• Keeping in view the utility of Indian livestock
population to national economy and food security as
well as social needs, this emission is not a threat to the
environment.
• Nevertheless, methods for the mitigation of methane
emission from the livestock should be explored.
Increasing the dietary energy level will not only
improve their productivity but also mitigate the
methane emission.
• Alternatively, some feed additives may be
developed to control the methanogenic bacteria in
the rumen.
Agriculture – Adaptation to Climate
Change
 A programme for enhancing adaptation of agriculture could
consist of adaptation projects/activities aimed at the
following :
 Strengthening surveillance of pest and diseases. Increasing
climatic variability and change could lead to rapid
movement of pathogens and insect pests.
 Developing mechanisms for integrated management of
rainwater, surface, and ground water.
Augmentation
of the water resources will be highly complimentary.
 Weather based insurance products should be provided to
increasing number of farmers at an early date for
management of enhanced temperature and rainfall risks.
Agriculture- Adaptation to climate
change
 Establishing a science based Agricultural Intelligence
System to facilitate understanding of impact of realtime weather and other inputs on production of
important commodities.
 Establishing Weather Watch groups for climate
sensitive commodities in ICAR commodity institutes for
real-time monitoring of weather impacts and to enable
appropriate policy response.
 Supporting community partnerships in developing
food and forage banks to manage scarcity during
projected increased periods of drought and floods.
Agriculture- Adaptation to climate
change
 The efforts for making agricultural production more
energy efficient should focus on:
 improving inventories of emission of greenhouse gases
using state of art emission equipments coupled with
simulation models, and GIS for up-scaling;
 evaluating carbon sequestration potential of different
land use systems including opportunities offered by
conservation agriculture and agro-forestry;
 evaluating the mitigation potential of biofuels and their
enhancement by their genetic improvement and use of
engineered microbes;
Agriculture and Climate ChangeMitigation Options
• identification of cost-effective opportunities for
reducing methane generation and emission in
ruminants by modification of diet, and in rice paddies
by water and nutrient management;
• renewing focus on nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency with
added dimension of nitrous oxides mitigation, and (vi)
assessing biophysical and socio-economic implications
of mitigation of proposed GHG mitigating interventions
before developing policy for their implementation.
• Improved water and fertilizer management in rice
paddies;
Agriculture and Climate ChangeMitigation Options
• Improved management of livestock population
and its diet;
• Approaches to increase soil carbon such as
organic manures, minimal tillage, and residue
management should be encouraged.
• Use of nitrification inhibitors, such as Neemcoated urea, and fertilizer placement practices
need further consideration for GHG mitigation.
• Improve the efficiency of energy use in
agriculture by using better designs of machinery,
and by conservation practices.
Forest & Environment Department
and Climate Change
 Per capita forest area is only 0.064 ha - one-tenth of the world
average. Under the heavy pressures of human and animal
populations, about 41 per cent of forest cover of the country is
degraded. Dense forests are losing their crown density and
productivity continuously, the current productivity being one-third
of that of the world average.
 Some examples of the ‘win-win’ adaptation practices are as follows
:
 Expand Protected Areas and link them wherever possible to
promote migration of species;
 Promote forest conservation since biodiversity rich forest are less
vulnerable due to varying temperature tolerance of plant species;
 Anticipatory planting of species along latitude and altitude;
 Promote assisted natural regeneration;
 Promote mixed species forestry.
Forest & Environment Department and
Climate Change
 Promote species mix adapted to different temperature tolerance
regimes;
 Develop and implement fire protection and management practices;
 Adopt thinning, sanitation and other silvicultural practices;
 Promote in situ and ex situ conservation of genetic diversity;
 Develop temperature, drought and pest resistance in commercial
tree species;
 Develop and adopt sustainable forest management practices;
 Conserve forests and reduce forest fragmentation to enable species
migration;
 Adoption of energy efficient fuel wood cooking devices to reduce
pressure on forests.
Forest & Environment Department and
Climate Change
• Considering the lack of systematic climatic responses and
observations on forest and climate it is prudent to
implement “Long Term Ecological Sites” (LTES) their
maintenance, measurements, monitoring the responses
both in terms of structure and functions across the country
of Indian Forest Vegetation.
• The modern methods of “Terrestrial Laser Scanners” (TLS)
should be employed for all the field plots and register from
various corners the scanned images archived on an annual
basis along with field mensuration and phyto-sociological
data.
• The ecological hotspots in the country, including NE forest
areas need to be given specific attention for eco system
development and process understanding of the region.
Forest Management
• It is known that the poverty map of the country coincides with the forest
map.
• Through the watershed system, the Joint Forest Management (JFM)
should be changed to Community Forest Management (CFM) and the
concerned Committees, in collaboration with Watershed Committees,
should ensure maintenance of the forest profile through large scale tree
plantations deploying the nearly 140 thousand frontline staff trained
in natural resource management.
• MoRD, MoEF and MoA should jointly invest in agroforestry and bio-energy
and biomass plantations covering degraded forest lands, wastelands and
common property resources, duly supported with producer-friendly
regulations for harvesting, processing, value addition, grazing and
marketing.
• Involvement of the state forest establishment may be insisted for
providing technical assistance in planning and implementation of
watershed management activities by nominating them as Project
Implementing Agencies (PIAs).
Forest Management
• For rain-fed areas, forestry or perennial crops are the most
cost effective means of doing this in terms of requirement
of investment, manpower and inputs.
• State social forestry establishment can be made to work
with the communities and Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs)
for revival of natural resources.
• Agro forestry has immense potential in adding value to
subsistence as well as commercial farming.
• It needs, apart from significant investment, strong statutory
support, facilitated market by rationalizing restrictions on
trade and providing credible networking support and
treating tree cultivation as agriculture for incentives.
• In 1999 the MOEF adopted the National Forestry
Action Programme (NFAP) for a period of 20 years.
Where are we?
• The recent Green India Project focuses on three
functions of forests, namely, 1) soil conservation
(prevention of soil erosion), 2) water augmentation,
and 3) avoidance of flood damage.
• As regards timber, the domestic supply increased from
53 million cubic meters (m c m) in 1996 to 65 m cu m
in 2006. During the same period the demand increased
from 64 to 82 m cu m, the gap being met through
import.
Forest Management
• It has been estimated that average annual per capita fuel wood
consumption in the country works out to about 0.35 tones. The
domestic supply through normal means generally meets hardly 50
of the demand, mostly through over exploitation of forests beyond
their productive capacities leading to degradation of growing stock.
• 12 Regarding fodder, forests meet about one-third of the
requirement in India.
• The demand supply scenarios of timber, fuel wood and fodder thus
clearly indicate the urgent need for initiating effective policies and
adequately funded programmes for a new people oriented forest
management approach for conservation, regeneration, and
sustainable use of forests as well as a massive farm/agro forestry
effort under all natural resource development oriented
programmes.
Animal Husbandry
• Unlike the ownership of land, the ownership of livestock is
positively egalitarian. Taken together, the small and marginal
farmers account for over 70 per cent of the in-milk bovine stock in
the country.
• The targeted overall agricultural annual growth rate of 4.1 per cent
during the XI Plan is stipulated to be achieved through a growth
rate of about 8 per cent in the livestock sub-sector.
• In order to double the current growth rate to achieve the XI Plan
target, constraints to increased livestock production and
productivity (which is one-third of that of the world average) must
be properly identified and addressed.
• Women play a vital role in the care and management of livestock,
hence their access and rights to this resource should be increased,
including those through SHGs and cooperatives.
Animal Husbandry
• India has about 20 per cent of the world’s
animal population, but good grazing lands are
practically non-existent, thus exerting
enormous pressure on the limited and
shrinking land and water resources.
• The major constraints relate to fodder, feed,
healthcare, genetic improvement and
conservation, processing and value addition,
remunerative pricing and marketing.
Animal Husbandry
Some critical steps to be taken are:
 Access to appropriate technologies;
 Access to inputs like land, feed, water and to riskcoping mechanisms against natural disasters and
price shocks.
 Access to domestic livestock markets, credit,
insurance and extension services, especially for
small, marginal and landless farmers.
 Livestock product quality, food safety literacy and
promotion of competitive production systems to
be promoted.
Animal Husbandry
 Establishment of Livestock Feed and Fodder
Corporation at the State level to ensure availability of
quality fodder and feed through production and
distribution of seeds of improved varieties and
adoption of modern technologies.
 Establishment of Feed and Fodder Banks in rural areas.
 Setting up Agri-clinics to promote livestock nutrition,
healthcare and marketing.
 Encouragement to Crop-livestock-fish integrated
farming.
 Livestock insurance to be revamped and made
accessible to small livestock owners.
Animal Husbandry
 Keeping in view the widespread reproductive disorders
and fast tapering productivity of cross-bred cows, the
country must develop a scientific cattle breeding policy
both for judicious conservation of our genetic heritage
and for enhanced and sustained productivity.
 Appreciating the trend of poultry development in
recent years, the poultry industry should be
recognized as an agricultural activity and appropriate
support should be provided to backyard poultry
farmers to establish Small Holders’ Poultry Estates.
Animal Husbandry
• Strategies to integrate fodder yielding food crops needs to be
evolved. Dedicating the first five rows in the land for fodder crops is
one such effort.
• The situation of draught animals being replaced by tractors is a
serious concern. Replacement of this draught power would lead to
substantial energy costs in terms of subsidies. This energy subsidy
burden can still be overcome if maintenance of draught animals can
be partially subsidised.
• Rapid decline in the population of indigenous cows is creating a
shortage of bullocks for agriculture and transport purposes. The
indigenous systems of soils/ area specific preferences in bullock
breeds need to be properly mapped and the traditional well
entrenched supply systems needs to be protected and
strengthened.
Animal Husbandry
• Livestock health care is one of the most crucial missing
links. Adequate investments should be made on
community-managed livestock health care systems with
strong linkages with animal husbandry departments.
• Reduced cost of supplementary chicken feed if integrated
into the farming systems along with natural foraging would
provide a competitive edge for the back-yard poultry
segment in the chicken and egg market. These systems if in
place would help in exploiting potential of the new breeds
evolved for backyard poultry for livelihoods of poor.
Soil Conservation
 Of the total geographical area of 329 m ha, about 146
m ha is classified as degraded, although varying
estimates have been provided by different agencies.
 Of the country’s total 142 m ha cultivated land, 57 m
ha, 40 per cent of the total, is irrigated and the
remaining 85 m ha is rain-fed.
 The soil health has been deteriorating, especially
widespread micro-nutrient deficiencies (hidden
hunger) and fast depleting carbon content, resulting in
low and decelerated TFP growth rates.
Soil Conservation
• Detailed soil data (physical, biological, chemical and microbial) based on
effective soil testing are pre- requisites for all lands under both rain-fed
and irrigated agriculture to address the issues related to soil health.
• Central and State Land Use Boards should be reorganized and empowered
to lead this work.
• Every farm family should be issued with a Soil Health Passbook, which
contains integrated information on the physics, chemistry and
microbiology of the soils on their farm.
• More laboratories to detect specific micronutrient deficiencies in soils are
urgently needed.
• Soil organic matter content will have to be increased by incorporating crop
residues in the soil. Proper technical advice on the reclamation of
wastelands and on improving their biological potential should be available.
• Pricing policies should promote a balanced and efficient use of fertilizers.
Soil Conservation
• The existing practice of soil reclamation and nutrient management
using chemicals could be supplemented through various organic
means, i.e., application of FYM, compost, vermi-compost, green
manuring with an objective to regenerate the wasted potential in
eco-friendly manner.
• It is essential to revitalize the soil system through organic residues
and materials.
• The soil energy system would enhance once soil biosphere is
activated. The microbial activity in soil system would not only
enhance the organic matter content but also improve the soil
physical condition that ultimately enables the availability of more
nutrient and moisture to the plants.
• conservation farming should be developed and adopted as per
location-specific settings.
Soil Conservation
• The land use policy needs to be developed as per land
capability that is to be derived out of soil survey data.
• It is necessary to revive the State Land Use Boards
(SLUBs) which should be the nodal agencies to
implement land use policy.
• The networking of all SLUBs needs to be established
through reviving National Land Conservation Board
(NLCB) for proper implementation of land use policy
in the country.
• The existing data base on soils available in the country
on 1:50000 scale would help to develop the land use
policy to a great extent.
Soil Coservation
• SLUB should carry out land budgeting and crop
planning as per state’s requirements of various food
crops, vegetables, pulses, oilseeds, etc., that will
enable to adopt proper planning for crop production,
delivery system and marketing for the benefit of
farming communities and rural people.
• Agri-clinics, Village Knowledge Centres, Village
Resource Centres and Farm Science Managers in each
Village Panchayat should help use the soil test results
in soil-plant-nutrient management.
• Computerized modules for soil-crop care should be
prepared for distinct sites.
• Per capita land availability has dropped from 0.48 ha in 1951 to 0.16
ha in 1991 and is projected to drop to 0.08 ha in 2035.
• Enhancing and sustaining productivity and income of small farms
through crop-livestock-fish integration, agro-processing, value
addition and biomass utilization must be a high priority.
• As far as possible, prime farmland must be conserved for
agriculture and should not be diverted for non-agricultural
purposes and for programmes.
• Every State should constitute a Land Zonation Team consisting of
soil scientists, agronomists and remote sensing specialists to
earmark soils with a low biological potential for farming such as
wastelands, lands affected by salinity, etc., for industrial activities
and construction.
Soil Conservation
• Programmes promoting Rainfed Farming Systems should have a
built in component of improving soil organic matter. The current
efforts at promoting vermi-culture have a very narrow focus and
limited scope.
• Composting methods with high biomass-to-dung ratio should be
targeted to overcome the limitation of availability of dung.
• A regular subsidised transport (preferably through bullock carts) for
manures to the distant rain-fed lands should be provided. There is
scope for integrating this service with NREGS.
• Provision of a power operated biomass-shredder as a common
utility at the village level would help in cutting the biomass for
faster decomposition in manure pits. Such a facility would also
increase the fodder supply many fold by reducing wastage and
chaffing the hard stumps.
Soil Conservation
 Biomass production is the essential link between livestock
and livelihoods. Biomass intensification should be at the
core of watershed programme. The following are the policy
requirements:
• Plantations in rain-fed areas – in the forest land or in
commons should be livestock oriented. Mono-plantations
of non-browsable tree plantations would cause enormous
damage to the rainfed production systems.
• Local mechanisms for vesting user rights to communities to
manage and use common lands & streamlining procedures.
Excellent examples are established by Foundation for
Ecological Security across the country in this regard.
Soil Conservation
• Intensification of multi-purpose biomass in various
places like stream banks, road sides, field bunds etc.,
should be promoted in addition to block plantations in
common and private lands.
• Intensification of biomass used by small ruminants
should also be prioritized.
• Support for watch and ward and initial watering be
ensured till the biomass is properly established as lack
of such provisions had resulted in poor survival in
watersheds.
Soil Conservation
• Many traditional sustainable practices in soil health
management have become out of practice as the
labour costs increased. Labour based support systems
would be the necessary corrective measures and
provide stimulus to the rain-fed agriculture economy.
• The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
provides a unique opportunity in this regard. Extending
labour subsidies for sustainable practices in Rain-fed
Farming also serves the cause of guaranteeing
employment as it opens up a wide array of productive
work opportunities for people who are desperately in
need of employment but cannot do manual earthwork.