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MOVEMENT and SUPPORT in
ANIMALS
• MOVEMENT is a displacement from one point
to another.
• LOCOMOTION is the movement of a WHOLE
organism from one place to another.
• ONLY ANIMALS carry out locomotion.
Reasons why animals move from place
to place
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
To obtain food
To escape predators
To find a mate
To distribute offspring
To reduce competition
To avoid danger
To maintain position
To avoid waste products
Movement in plants
Movement in plants is seen when it grows.
Growth movements are called TROPISMS.
TROPISMS
• A tropism is a growth movement of a part of a
plant in response to a directional stimulus.
• Each response is named according to the
nature of the stimulus e.g. a response to light
is termed PHOTOTROPISM.
Example of Tropic Responses
STIMULUS
NAME OF
RESPONSE
EXAMPLE
Light
Phototropism
In almost all plants, shoots will bend towards a
directional light source (the direction in which the light
is shining) . In roots they bend away ,while leaves
position themselves at right angles. See page 143 fig
13.3
Gravity
Geotropism
In almost all plants, shoots bend away from gravity and
roots bend towards it . See page 143 fig 13.3
Water
Hydrotropism
Almost all plant roots bend towards moisture.
Touch
Thigmotropism The tendrils of peas twine around supports. The plant
Mimosa can close its leaves when touched.
Growth in Plants is Controlled by
Hormones.
• Plant hormones , or plant growth substances
as they are often called, are chemical
substances produced in plants which will
accelerate or modify growth.
• Two types of plant growth hormones are
1. Auxins
2. Gibberellins
AUXIN
• Auxin is a plant hormone which cause growth.
• It is made in the tips of shoots and roots
which are the growing parts of the plant.
• Refer to page 142 and 143 fig 13.2 and
13.3,13.4 and 5
Uses of Plant Hormones
• Pesticides are poisonous chemicals which kill
pest.
• Some plants are classified as weeds and are
described as being pest. HERBICIDES are used
to kill them.
• Synthetic Auxin can be used as a herbicide.
When present in larger than normal amounts
it will kill a plant.
2,4-D , 2,4,5 – T is an example of a herbicide which
kill broad leaf plants.
• It causes the plant to over produce auxin stimulating
the production of more auxin.
• This weed killer causes rapid growth in dicotyledous
plants which they cannot sustain , hence they die.
Some herbicides are called SYSTEMIC HERBICIDES
because they are translocated (transfer of plant material
from one area to another )throughout the plant.
They move from the leaves to the roots where they
interfere with root function killing the root and
eventually the whole plant.
The Skeleton of Man
•The skeleton of man is an
ENDOSKELETON.
•When the skeleton is located
outside the body it is called an
EXOSKELETON.
Types of Skeletons
Exo-skeleton: animals that have
shells
Endo-skeleton: hard structure
inside the animal.
Hydrostatic skeleton:
Fluid held inside the body
No skeleton
The human skeleton can be divided
into two parts:
1. The axial skeleton
2. The appendicular skeleton
The AXIAL
SKELETON IS
MADE UP OF:
1.THE SKULL
2.VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
The Skull
The Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Lumbar Vertberae (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx
LUMBAR VERTEBRA
The Thoracic Cage
Sternum
True Ribs (7)
False Ribs (3)
Floating Ribs (2)
Sacrum & Coccyx
INCLUDES ALL OTHER
BONES
Bones of the Pectoral Girdle
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
8 Carpals
5 Metacarpals
14 Phalanges
Pelvis
The Lower Limb
(Legs)
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
7 Tarsals
5 Metatarsals
14 Phalanges
• Support- framework that supports body
upright and acts as a frame supporting soft
body parts.
• Protection- for delicate organs, heart and lungs
(rib cage), brain(skull), spinal cord (vertebral
column)
• Movement- bones act as levers for muscles
• Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate
• Manufacture of Blood, both Red and White
Blood cells – Made in the bone marrow of the
pelvis,ribs,sternum and leg bones.
MOVEMENT IN MAN
•Movement in a limb
is brought about by
tissues such as
muscles, tendon,
ligaments and bones.
•These all work
together to bring
about MOVEMENT.
• The bones are able
to move because of
JOINTS in the
skeleton.
•Joints are the place
where two bones
meet
A Typical Joint
How muscles move bones
•Bones are attached by
LIGAMENTS.
•Ligaments are the fibrous, slightly
stretchy connective tissues
•They hold one bone to another in
the body, forming a joint.
•They for example preventing
your elbow from bending
backwards,
•Ligaments are composed of
strands of collagen fibers. They are
slightly stretchy.
How muscles move bones
• Muscles are attached to
bones by tendons.
• So what is a tendon? A
tendon is a structure
that connects muscle to
bone, they are nonstretchy.
Antagonistic Muscles
• Movement is achieved
when muscles shorten
(contract) and lengthen
(relax),by contraction
and relaxation of
antagonistic muscles.
• Antagonistic muscles are
PAIRS of muscles; they
always work together.
• When your biceps
contracts it flexes (bends)
the elbow joint. The
bicep is also called the
FLEXOR muscle.
• At the same time it also
pulls the triceps to make
it longer (it relaxes).
Antagonistic Muscles
•When the triceps
contracts is extends
(straightens) the elbow
joint. The tricep is also
called an EXTENSOR
MUSCLE
•At the same time it pulls
the biceps and makes it
longer.
• The two muscles work
together.
•Neither muscle can
stretch itself, it must be
stretched by its antagonist
(partner).
Types of Joints
There are three main types of joints;
1. Fibrous (immoveable),
2. Cartilaginous (partially moveable) and the
3. Synovial (freely moveable) joint.
Fibrous (immoveable)
• These joints are firmly held
together by a thin layer of
strong connectice tissue.
There is no movement
between the bones such as
the sutures of the skull and
the teeth in their sockets.
Cartilaginous (partially
moveable/gliding joints)
Cartilaginous joints between the
thoracic vertebrae.
Pivot Joint
• Cartilaginous joints :joints
in which the bones are
attached by cartilage.
• Allow for only a little
movement, such as in the
spine or ribs.
• A partially movable joint
exist between the atlas
and axis at the top of the
neck ; this is called a pivot
joint.
Synovial (freely moveable) joint.
• Synovial joints allow for
much more movement
than cartilaginous joints.
• Cavities between bones in
synovial joints are filled
with synovial fluid.
• This fluid helps lubricate
(thereby reducing
friction) and protects the
bones.
There are Two Types of Synovial Joints
1. Hinge Joint
A hinge joint allows
extension and
retraction of an
appendage. E.g.
elbows, knees and
finger joints.
2. Bones of hinge
joints can carrying
large loads
HWK
• Practice question on pg 151 of textbook.
• Correct Answers (except the drawings) will be
emailed to you on Saturday..see how many
you get right!
There are Two Types of Synovial Joints
2. Ball
and Socket Joint
•A ball and socket joint allows
for radial movement in almost
any direction. They are found
in the hips and shoulders.