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Download The Cold War _1 - Mater Academy Lakes High School
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The Cold War 1945-1960 16.1= The Beginnings The Iron Curtain The Truman Doctrine 1947= Eastern European nations were struggling against communist movements Greece & Turkey were nations that were struggling against communist forces Truman believed these nations deserved aid Truman requested money from Congress “to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugations by armed minorities or by outside pressures” U.S. government gave $400 million in aid to Greece & Turkey American Foreign Policy Followed a policy of containment Keep communism where it already exists, prevent the spreading of it Soviet Union would not risk spreading their influence if there were serious risks The Marshall Plan 1948= Congress approved the Marshall Plan U.S. program; $13 billion in grants/loans to Western Europe Provided food, fuel, & money to jump-start economic growth Germany & the Berlin Airlift Germany= Front lines of the Cold War Western Germany controlled by U.S., Britain, France Eastern Germany controlled by communist USSR Berlin controlled by Allied forces & Communist forces West= Allied East= Communist June, 1948= Stalin blocked all traffic coming into Berlin; Could not receive any aid U.S. & Britain supplied West Berlin through a major airlift; Berlin airlif Alliances Form North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 1949; 12 Western European & North American nations agreed to protect Western Europe Warsaw Pact 1955; Collection of all the Communist states, except Yugoslavia The Cold War 1945-1960 16.2= The Korean War China Becomes Communist Before & after World War II(1937), civil war divided China Nationalist Jiang Jieshi (Known in U.S. as Chiang Kai-shek) vs. Communist Mae Zedong U.S. supported the nationalists; USSR supported the communists Corruption hurt the nationalists, while Mae Zedong’s communists forces dominated 1949= China becomes communist, renamed the People’s Republic of China Communism controlled ¼ of the globe & 1/3 of the world’s population Korea Korean War June 25, 1950= N. Korea invades S. Korea Take capital of S. Korea, Seoul President Truman announces U.S. will aid S. Korea U.N. Security Council unanimously votes to aid S. Korea Soviet Union not able to veto vote, had been boycotting the Security Council Security Council refused to seat Republic of China once it became communist No formal declaration of war was declared U.N. resolution allowed Truman to send American troops The War; 1950-1953 Controversy General MacArthur wanted to invade China, Truman opposed MacArthur distrusted Truman’s policy of limited war MacArthur sent a letter to House of Reps. that attacked Truman; Fired for insubordination Allied forces pushed back to the 38th parallel by spring of 1951 Stalemate, lasted until 1953 Impact Election of 1952; Harry Truman vs. Dwight Eisenhower Newly elected Eisenhower hinted using nuclear weapons to end war Republican Eisenhower elected due to promises to end war; experienced military leader This, plus death of Stalin led to the communists to agree to sign a cease-fire Korean War led to: 1) Increased military spending 2) Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO); Defensive alliance to stop spread of communism 3) Truman’s no declaration of war would be used again by future presidents The Cold War 1945-1960 16.3= Cold War Expands Arms Race September 2nd, 1949= Soviet Union tests an atomic weapon Occurred around same time China became a communist nation 1952= U.S. develops new weapon, Hydrogen bomb 1,000 times more powerful than an atomic bomb Einstein & Oppenheimer (Developer of first atomic bombs) urged U.S. not to make new weapon; lead to an arms race Mutually assured destruction Eisenhower’s Policies Aided greatly by secretary of state, John Foster Dulles Foreign policy= Focused on stockpiling nuclear weapons & building planes, missiles, submarines Policy of massive retaliation Brinkmanship= Dulles belief that going to the brink of war was only way U.S. could prevent communism from spreading & protect America’s allies Nikita Khrushchev March 5, 1953= Joseph Stalin dies; replaced by Nikita Khrushchev Opponent of U.S., but not as cruel as Stalin Attempted to reach more peaceful relations with democratic West; July, 1955 met with President Eisenhower Cold War Spreads Soviet Union wasn’t allowing free elections, Dulles wanted to “roll back” communism & liberate countries under communist control 1956= Movements in Poland & Hungary Hungarian revolution crushed by brutal Soviet Union response; Revolutionary leaders executed & killed hundreds of other Hungarians Massive retaliation was useless, U.S. didn’t want to use nuclear weapons Cold War Spreads Egypt & Suez Canal Crisis= President Abdel Nasser wanted to create a dam on the Nile River, played U.S.-Soviet rivalry to his advantage U.S./Britain agreed to fund construction costs until Nasser recognized the People’s Republic of China Nasser nationalized Suez Canal, placing it in government control; originally controlled by British/French company & protected by British military This action threatened flow of Middle Eastern oil to Europe, led Britain & France to team up with Israel to seize back the Suez Canal; Allied powers did not inform U.S. Outraged, Eisenhower did not allow Britain/France to use U.S. oil, led to their defeat by Egyptians Eisenhower Doctrine January 1957= Promise that U.S. will use force to protect Middle Eastern nations threatened by communism Justified sending of U.S. troops to Lebanon to put down a revolt against U.S. government Eisenhower’s administration utilized the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Intelligence-gathering organization, created in 1947 Aided coups (government rebellions) in Iran (1953) & Guatemala (1954) to take down communist rulers Cold War & Space Race October 4, 1957= Launching of Sputnik 1 by Soviet Union Month later launched a larger satellite with a dog inside of it Panicked, U.S. approved the National Defense Education Act $1 billion program to produce more scientist and teachers of science Congress created National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) The Cold War 1945-1960 16.4= Cold War at Home The Red Scare Reaction to the fear that communists, both outside & within the U.S., were working to destroy American life Federal Employee Loyalty Program (1947)= Created by Truman, screened political affiliations of gov. workers The Smith Act= Unlawful to teach/advocate overthrow of U.S. government, used to destroy Communist Party House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) 1947, targeted Hollywood & and the movie industry; Hollywood Ten Movie executives created a blacklist of actors/actresses who couldn’t be hired Spy Cases Whittaker Chambers & Alger Hiss Chambers, a former communist espionage agent, turned against communism after Stalin’ rule 1948= Testified before HUAC, named Alger Hiss as one of his contacts within the U.S. gov Hiss handed over classified document to Chambers; led to panic in U.S. Spy Cases The Rosenberg Case Jewish couple, Ethel & Julius Rosenberg, accused of conspiring with others to help Soviet Union develop atomic weapons Executed in 1953; Controversial case, Rosenberg’s claimed anti-Semitism was why they were arrested; Also their political affiliation to the Communist Party Couple’s guilt based on testimony of one person McCarthyism February 1950= Senator Joseph McCarthy, of Wisconsin, accused State Department of harboring over 200 communist gov. officials Anticommunism message grabbed headlines, led to his reelection in 1952 Made extreme charges against gov. officials, most charges were baseless accusations against political rivals 1954, made charges against the U.S. army Senate decided to hold televised hearings, American public shocked by McCarthy’s bullying tactics; McCarthy discredited
